Differential modulation of inflammatory cytokines by recombinant IL-10 in IL-1β and TNF-α ̶ stimulated equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes: impact of washing and timing on cytokine responses.

Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a challenging joint disorder necessitating effective anti-inflammatory interventions. In this study, our primary objective was to establish an in vitro protocol that replicates the clinical investigation of anti-inflammatory drugs intended for OA management. Focusing on recombinant IL-10 (r.

Effect of refreezing extender on stallion sperm quality and embryo production after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a valuable assisted reproduction technology in clinical practice, especially when semen availability is limited. Since the number of sperm required per ICSI cycle is much less than the number of sperm available in a standard straw of frozen semen, refreezing semen at lower sperm concentrations could yield multiple straws for ICSI use. However, there is little data on the effect of sperm refreezing on ICSI outcomes, especially on the effect of extender used for refreezing.

Single injection of intra-articular autologous protein solution in horses with acute interleukin-1B-induced synovitis decreases joint pathology scores.

Background: Autologous protein solution (APS) has been shown to decrease lameness in horses with osteoarthritis (OA). Synovitis is an early driver of OA, providing an opportunity to intervene in the progression of disease via intra-articular (IA) therapeutics.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a single IA APS injection in horses with interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced synovitis.

Prolonged administration of oral phenylbutazone and firocoxib in horses has no impact on selected cytokine and growth factor concentrations in platelet-rich plasma and autologous protein solution.

Objective: To determine the effects of prolonged administration of the oral NSAIDs phenylbutazone and firocoxib on concentrations of cytokines and growth factors in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous protein solution (APS).

Animals: 6 adult University owned horses.

Methods: Horses were randomized to receive phenylbutazone (1 g, orally, q 12 h) or firocoxib (57 mg, orally, q 24 h) for 6 days.

Plasma and synovial fluid extracellular vesicles display altered microRNA profiles in horses with naturally occurring post-traumatic osteoarthritis: an exploratory study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plasma and synovial fluid obtained from horses with and without naturally occurring post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA).

Animals: EVs were isolated from plasma and synovial fluid from horses with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) PTOA.

Methods: Plasma and synovial fluid EVs were characterized with respect to quantity, size, and surface markers.

Equine mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle productivity but not overall yield is improved via 3-D culture with chemically defined media.

Objective: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a biotherapeutic for osteoarthritis; however, manufacturing large quantities is not practical using traditional monolayer (2-D) culture. We aimed to examine the effects of 3-D and 2-D culture 2 types of media: Dulbecco modified Eagle medium and a commercially available medium (CM) on EV yield.

Animals: Banked bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) from 6 healthy, young horses were used.

Single-dose nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses have no impact on concentrations of cytokines or growth factors in autologous protein solution and platelet-rich plasma.

Objective: To determine the effects of a single dose of the NSAIDs phenylbutazone, firocoxib, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen on concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in autologous protein solution (APS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP).

Animals: 6 adult university-owned horses.

Methods: For the first phase, 6 horses were randomized to receive ketoprofen (1,000 mg) or flunixin meglumine (500 mg) IV.

Equine mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicle immunopathology biomarker discovery.

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in human and veterinary clinical applications has become a subject of increasing importance due to their roles in immunomodulation and regenerative processes. MSCs are especially relevant in equine medicine because they may have the ability to treat prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, among other conditions. However, recent evidence suggests that the components secreted by MSCs, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs), are responsible for these properties.

Comparing the immunomodulatory properties of equine BM-MSCs culture expanded in autologous platelet lysate, pooled platelet lysate, equine serum and fetal bovine serum supplemented culture media.

Joint injury often leads to cartilage damage and posttraumatic inflammation, which drives continued extracellular matrix degradation culminating in osteoarthritis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a biotherapeutic to modulate inflammation within the joint. However, concerns have been raised regarding the immunogenicity of MSCs cultured in traditional fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing media, and the potential of xenogenic antigens to activate the immune system causing rejection and destruction of the MSCs.

Evaluation of Autologous Protein Solution Injection for Treatment of Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis in an Equine Model.

Autologous protein solution (APS) has been used anecdotally for intralesional treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, however, its use in these injuries has never been studied . Our objective was to evaluate the effect of APS on tendon healing in an equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis model. We hypothesized intralesional injection of APS would result in superior structural and biomechanical healing.

Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Overexpression of Interleukin-10 Affects the Immunomodulatory Properties of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Joint injury can cause posttraumatic inflammation, which if severe enough can lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), a progressive and debilitating condition. Posttraumatic inflammation is characterized by an influx of T lymphocytes and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and degradative enzymes by activated chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Intra-articular bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) injection for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) has been of interest due to the immunomodulatory properties of these cells.

Effects of continuous passage on the immunomodulatory properties of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.

Background: The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied extensively due to their increasing clinical application for tissue regeneration and repair following culture expansion. We have studied the effect of continuous passage on the immunomodulatory capacity of equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Equine BM-MSCs were isolated and culture expanded to passage three, six, and nine (P3, P6, P9).

Autologous Platelet Lysate Does Not Enhance Chondrogenic Differentiation of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Despite Increased TGF-β1 Concentration.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are being investigated for their potential in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, including tendon and ligament lesions, and cartilage lesions. Culture expansion of cells has traditionally been performed in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), however, concerns regarding the antigenicity and potential viral or prion contamination of FBS have prompted interest in alternative medium supplements. Platelet lysate (PL) contains elevated concentrations of growth factors, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factors, and fibroblast growth factor, released from the α-granules of platelets; therefore, PL could be an ideal medium supplement.

Sustained Interleukin-10 Transgene Expression Following Intra-Articular AAV5-IL-10 Administration to Horses.

Joint trauma leads to post-traumatic inflammation with upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and degradative enzymes. If severe enough, this response can lead to irreversible post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory effects, has been shown to have chondroprotective effects.

Comparison of the Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential of Equine Synovial Membrane-Derived and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Focal cartilage injury occurs commonly and often precipitates OA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be useful for repairing cartilage lesions, thereby preventing joint degeneration. Although MSCs isolated from bone marrow have been shown to have chondrogenic potential, synovial membrane-derived MSCs (SM-MSCs) may have superior chondrogenic abilities due to a common progenitor cell between synovium and cartilage.

The effect of hypoxia on chondrogenesis of equine synovial membrane-derived and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Background: Joint injury is extremely common in equine athletes and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), a progressive and debilitating disease, is estimated to affect 60% of horses in the USA. The limited potential for intrinsic healing of articular cartilage has prompted intense efforts to identify a cell-based repair strategy to prevent progression of PTOA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to become an ideal source for cell-based treatment of cartilage lesions; however, full chondrogenic differentiation remains elusive.

The Effect of Autologous Protein Solution on the Inflammatory Cascade in Stimulated Equine Chondrocytes.

Cartilage injury occurs commonly in equine athletes, often precipitating posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Orthobiologics such as autologous conditioned serum (ACS) and autologous protein solution (APS) may be useful in decreasing posttraumatic inflammation, thereby preventing PTOA. The objective of this study was to quantify cytokine concentrations in ACS and APS and evaluate the protective effects of ACS and APS on inflamed chondrocytes cultured .

Expression and localization of epithelial stem cell and differentiation markers in equine skin, eye and hoof.

Background: The limited characterization of equine skin, eye and hoof epithelial stem cell (ESC) and differentiation markers impedes the investigation of the physiology and pathophysiology of these tissues.

Hypothesis/objectives: To characterize ESC and differentiation marker expression in epithelial tissues of the equine eye, haired skin and hoof capsule.

Methods: Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting were used to detect expression and tissue localization of keratin (K) isoforms K3, K10, K14 and K124, the transcription factor p63 (a marker of ESCs) and phosphorylated p63 [pp63; a marker of ESC transition to transit-amplifying (TA) cell] in epithelial tissues of the foot (haired skin, hoof coronet and hoof lamellae) and the eye (limbus and cornea).

Treatment of pythiosis in equine limbs using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin B.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) administration of amphotericin B in horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Horses (n = 12) with Pythium insidiosum infection of the distal aspect of the thoracic or pelvic limbs.

Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral and injectable formulations of methadone after intravenous, oral, and intragastric administration in horses.

Objective: To characterize the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral and injectable formulations of methadone after IV, oral, and intragastric administration in horses.

Animals: 6 healthy adult horses.

Procedures: Horses received single doses (each 0.

Analgesic effects of subarachnoidally administered hyperbaric opioids in horses.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of subarachnoidally administered hyperbaric morphine, buprenorphine, and methadone on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses.

Animals: 6 healthy adult horses.

Procedures: Horses were assigned to receive subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric morphine (0.

Analgesic effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone in horses.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses.

Animals: 6 healthy adult horses.

Procedure: Horses were assigned to receive hydromorphone (0.