The Rac-GAP alpha2-Chimaerin Signals via CRMP2 and Stathmins in the Development of the Ocular Motor System.

A precise sequence of axon guidance events is required for the development of the ocular motor system. Three cranial nerves grow toward, and connect with, six extraocular muscles in a stereotyped pattern, to control eye movements. The signaling protein alpha2-chimaerin (α2-CHN) plays a pivotal role in the formation of the ocular motor system; mutations in , encoding α2-CHN, cause the human eye movement disorder Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS).

Ketamine's Effects on the Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems: A Proteomics and Metabolomics Study in Mice.

Ketamine, a noncompetitive, voltage-dependent N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has been shown to have a rapid antidepressant effect and is used for patients experiencing treatment-resistant depression. We carried out a time-dependent targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling analysis combined with a quantitative based on in vivo N metabolic labeling proteome comparison of ketamine- and vehicle-treated mice. The metabolomics and proteomics datasets were used to further elucidate ketamine's mode of action on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic systems.

Powering the ABC multidrug exporter LmrA: How nucleotides embrace the ion-motive force.

LmrA is a bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug exporter that uses metabolic energy to transport ions, cytotoxic drugs, and lipids. Voltage clamping in a Port-a-Patch was used to monitor electrical currents associated with the transport of monovalent cationic HEPES by single-LmrA transporters and ensembles of transporters. In these experiments, one proton and one chloride ion are effluxed together with each HEPES ion out of the inner compartment, whereas two sodium ions are transported into this compartment.

Stat3-mediated alterations in lysosomal membrane protein composition.

Lysosome function is essential in cellular homeostasis. In addition to its recycling role, the lysosome has recently been recognized as a cellular signaling hub. We have shown in mammary epithelial cells, both and , that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) modulates lysosome biogenesis and can promote the release of lysosomal proteases that culminates in cell death.

Ketamine's antidepressant effect is mediated by energy metabolism and antioxidant defense system.

Fewer than 50% of all patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with currently available antidepressants (ADs) show full remission. Moreover, about one third of the patients suffering from MDD does not respond to conventional ADs and develop treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Ketamine, a non-competitive, voltage-dependent N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has been shown to have a rapid antidepressant effect, especially in patients suffering from TRD.

Analysis of temperature-mediated changes in the wine yeast Saccharomyces bayanus var uvarum. An oenological study of how the protein content influences wine quality.

Saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum plays an important role in the fermentation of red wine from the D.O.

Sperm and spermatids contain different proteins and bind distinct egg factors.

Spermatozoa are more efficient at supporting normal embryonic development than spermatids, their immature, immediate precursors. This suggests that the sperm acquires the ability to support embryonic development during spermiogenesis (spermatid to sperm maturation). Here, using Xenopus laevis as a model organism, we performed 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry analysis of differentially expressed proteins between sperm and spermatids in order to identify factors that could be responsible for the efficiency of the sperm to support embryonic development.

Protein profiling using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE).

2-D DIGE relies on pre-electrophoretic labeling of samples with one of three spectrally distinct fluorescent dyes, followed by electrophoresis of all samples in one 2-D gel. The dye-labeled samples are then viewed individually by scanning the gel at different wavelengths, which circumvents problems with gel-to-gel variation and spot matching between gels. Image analysis programs are used to generate volume ratios for each spot, which essentially describe the intensity of a particular spot in each test sample, and thus enable protein abundance level changes to be identified and quantified.

Comparison of DIGE and post-stained gel electrophoresis with both traditional and SameSpots analysis for quantitative proteomics.

2-DE is an important tool in quantitative proteomics. Here, we compare the deep purple (DP) system with DIGE using both a traditional and the SameSpots approach to gel analysis. Missing values in the traditional approach were found to be a significant issue for both systems.