Electronic cigarettes: "wolves in sheep's clothing".

Objective: To provide cutting-edge information on the impact and risks of using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by children and adolescents, based on the latest evidence published in the literature.

Data Source: A comprehensive search was carried out on PubMed, using the expressions ''electronic cigarettes'' OR ''electronic nicotine delivery systems" OR "vaping" AND ''adolescent'' AND "risks" AND ''acute lung injury'. All retrieved articles had their titles and abstracts read to identify and fully read the papers reporting the most recent evidence on each subject.

General practitioner and patient perspectives on intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis: Treatment duration and obstacles to adherence, findings from a recent survey.

Background And Objective: Currently, there are no guideline recommendations for the duration of intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR). We aimed to catalogue real-world AR-INCS prescription patterns.

Materials And Methods: This multicenter, non-interventional, cross-sectional study used online general practitioner (GP) and patient surveys from 4 countries.

Sleep bruxism and associated physiological events in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a polysomnographic study.

Study Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological events associated with sleep bruxism (Sleep Bruxism [SB]; presence of mandibular movement activity) and the control window (4 minutes prior to SB event, where no mandibular movement activity was detected) in a polysomnography study in children with mild sleep apnea.

Methods: Polysomnography data from children aged 4 to 9 years old diagnosed with mild sleep apnea were analyzed by 2 trained examiners. The mandibular movement activity (bruxism event; SB) was classified into phasic and tonic.

Tonsillotomy by a Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser: A New Technique in the Treatment of Chronic Tonsillitis.

Chronic tonsillitis has a global prevalence, ranging from 5% to 12%. Its clinical manifestations, like recurrent acute tonsillitis, tonsils hypertrophy, caseum and halitosis, can lead adult patients to be submitted to palatine tonsillectomy, surgery that has morbidity and the potential risk of complications, including severe bleeding. This article proposes a new therapy for chronic tonsillitis in adult patients using a fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, which is a fast, minimally invasive procedure capable of removing the need for the traditional tonsillectomy in many patients.

Clinical and anatomical characteristics associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity in children.

Purpose: To determine the clinical and anatomical characteristics associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Methods: The authors conducted a cross-sectional multidisciplinary survey and selected 58 Brazilian children (4‒9 years old) with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, parental complaints of snoring, mouth-breathing, and witnessed apnea episodes. The authors excluded children with known genetic, craniofacial, neurological, or psychiatric conditions.

Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Prevalences, Recovery Rates, and Clinical Associations on a Large Brazilian Sample.

Objective: Our study aimed to measure the percentage of reported olfactory or taste losses and their severity, recovery time, and association with other features in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19.

Study Design: Prospective survey.

Setting: Quaternary medical center and online survey.

Managing obstructive sleep apnoea in children: the role of craniofacial morphology.

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is a type of sleep-disordered breathing that affects 1 to 5% of all children. Pharyngeal and palatine tonsil hypertrophy is the main predisposing factor. Various abnormalities are predisposing factors for obstructive sleep apnoea, such as decreased mandibular and maxillary lengths, skeletal retrusion, increased lower facial height and, consequently, increased total anterior facial height, a larger cranio-cervical angle, small posterior airway space and an inferiorly positioned hyoid bone.

Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) in the lymphocytes of hyperplastic tonsils: comparison between allergic and nonallergic snoring children.

Background: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) are involved in allergic processes and play a role in adenotonsillar hyperplasia (AH). Clinically, only CysLTR1 may be blocked by montelukast. Our objective was to compare the expression of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the B and T cells of hyperplasic tonsils of sensitized (SE) and control (NS) snoring children.

Is the difference in the volume of the pharyngeal space, as measured by acoustic pharyngometry, before and after tonsillectomy proportional to the volume of the excised tonsils?

Objective: Adenotonsillectomy is recognized as an effective therapy for snoring and sleep disorders in children. It is important to understand whether adenotonsillectomy significantly increases the volume of the pharyngeal space. The goal of this study was to evaluate the change in oropharyngeal volume after adenotonsillectomy and the correlation of this change with the objective volume of the tonsils and body mass index.

Expression of CysLTR1 and 2 in Maturating Lymphocytes of Hyperplasic Tonsils Compared to Peripheral Cells in Children.

Cysteinyl-leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and 2) are related to allergic inflammatory responses. Recent studies demonstrated their role in lymphocyte division and maturation in the bone marrow. Few data are available about CysLTRs function in lymphocyte maturation in tonsils.

Allergic rhinitis affects the duration of rapid eye movement sleep in children with sleep-disordered breathing without sleep apnea.

Background: Our goals were to assess whether allergic rhinitis (AR) is an aggravating factor that affects the severity of sleep apnea in children with tonsils/adenoid hypertrophy (T&A) and to compare polysomnographic data from children with and without AR.

Methods: This prospective study included 135 children (age range, 3 to 14 years) with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) resulting from T&A. Children with lung, neurological, or craniofacial problems; septal deviations; previous pharyngeal surgeries; or orthodontic treatments were excluded.

[Otitis media with effusion in children younger than 1 year].

Objective:: To determine the prevalence of otitis media with effusion in children younger than 1 year and its association with the season of the year, artificial feeding, environmental and perinatal factors.

Methods:: Retrospective study of 184 randomly included medical records from a total of 982 healthy infants evaluated for hearing screening tests. Diagnosis of otitis media with effusion was based on otoscopy (amber-gold color, fluid level, handle of malleus position), type B tympanometric curves and absence of otoacoustic emissions.

[Is facial pattern a predisposing factor for otitis media with effusion in children?].

Abnormalities in craniofacial morphology are associated with Eustachian tube dysfunction and otitis media with effusion (OME). to evaluate the relationship between facial pattern and craniofacial growth direction, and OME in children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids (ETA). Clinical prospective survey in 79 children (41 male and 38 female), ranging from 4 to 10 years of age, with tonsil and adenoid enlargement (Brodsky's grades III and IV).

Variation of patterns of malocclusion by site of pharyngeal obstruction in children.

Objective: To correlate the type of dental occlusion and the type of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue obstruction in children.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Ambulatory ear, nose, and throat clinic of Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo.

Evaluation of children nasal geometry, employing accoustic rhinometry.

Unlabelled: The area above the nasal cavity plays a role in respiratory physiology.

Aim: To analyze, during a period of growth, a possible change in the minimum cross sectional area (MCA) and nasal volume of the anterior nasal cavity.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated 29 children (14 boys and 15 girls) with a mean age of 7.

Adenotonsillectomy improves the strength of respiratory muscles in children with upper airway obstruction.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to study the respiratory muscle strength by evaluating the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and lung volume before and 3 and 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. This is an interventional, before and after trial. It was set at the Department of Otolaryngology, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine.

Quantitative evaluation of the orofacial morphology: anthropometric measurements in healthy and mouth-breathing children.

Unlabelled: The anthropometric orofacial measurements of mouth-breathing children were compared to those of children with no history of speech-language disorders, according to age.

Methods: 100 children participated, both males and females, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with a mouth-breathing diagnosis. The control group was comprised of 254 children, of both sexes, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderm, in mixed dentition period, with no history of speech-language disorders.

Correlation between otitis media and craniofacial morphology in adults.

We conducted a comparison study to determine if the development of otitis media in adults is correlated with craniofacial morphology. Our study population was made up of 66 adults, aged 18 to 40 years; 32 of these patients had otitis media and 34 did not. All subjects underwent a complete otolaryngologic examination, video-otoscopy, fiberoptic nasal endoscopy, and lateral cephalometry.

[Characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children: anthroposcopic approach].

Background: the use of anthroposcopy in the assessment of posture and morphology of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children.

Aim: to describe the postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children, according to age.

Method: participants were 100 children, of both genders, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition and with the diagnosis of mouth breathing.

Evaluation of inspiratory pressure in children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids.

Unlabelled: Children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids usually present breathing abnormalities such as snoring, mouth breathing and sleep apnea. It is known that upper airway obstruction and consequent mouth breathing may result in pulmonary diseases.

Aim: The goal of this preliminary study was to evaluate the inspiratory pressure in children with upper airway obstruction due to enlarged tonsils.

Improvement of bruxism after T & A surgery.

Unlabelled: Bruxism or tooth grinding is an oral habit that frequently occurs during sleep. Some authors suggest it is associated to sleep apnea.

Objectives: The main goal of this study is compare the incidence of bruxism before and after adenotonsillectomy (T & A surgery) in children with sleep-disordered breathing.