ASSESSMENT OF MULTIANTIGEN PRINT IMMUNOASSAY AND RAPID LATERAL-FLOW TEST FOR THE DETECTION OF INFECTION IN MALAYAN TAPIR ().

A multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) and rapid test (RT) developed and validated for detection of mycobacterial antibodies in elephants ( and ) was assessed in Malayan tapir (). Retrospective analysis of banked serum from one infected and seven presumably uninfected tapir was performed by MAPIA and RT. A sample collected 2 mon prior to the death of a culture-confirmed -infected tapir served as a positive control.

Use of blood matrices and alternative biological fluids for antibody detection in animal tuberculosis.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) control programs can be improved by implementation of advanced ante-mortem testing algorithms. Serodiagnostic methods using traditional blood or blood-derived specimens may benefit from the use of less invasive alternative biological fluids, provided those mirror systemic antibody responses. In the present study, we used Dual Path Platform (DPP) and Multiantigen Print Immunoassay (MAPIA) to compare antibody levels in ten sample types including whole blood (fresh and hemolyzed), plasma (fresh and leftover from Bovigam testing), serum, saliva, broncho-alveolar lavage, urine, diaphragm extract, and bile collected from cattle aerosol-infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

Potential for rapid antibody detection to identify tuberculous cattle with non-reactive tuberculin skin test results.

Background: Bovine tuberculosis (TB) control programs generally rely on the tuberculin skin test (TST) for ante-mortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle.

Results: Present findings demonstrate that a rapid antibody test based on Dual-Path Platform (DPP) technology, when applied 1-3 weeks after TST, detected 9 of 11 and 34 of 52 TST non-reactive yet M. bovis-infected cattle from the US and GB, respectively.

Early Detection of Circulating Antigen and IgM-Associated Immune Complexes during Experimental Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle.

The presence of circulating antigen in cattle experimentally infected with was demonstrated using dual-path platform (DPP) technology. The antigen capture immunoassays employed rabbit polyclonal antibody recognizing predominantly complex-specific epitopes and were able to detect soluble substances and whole cells of mycobacteria. The antigen found in serum appeared to be mostly bound to IgM, but not to IgG, within the immune complexes formed at early stages of infection.

Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle.

Several serological tests designed to detect antibodies to immunodominant Mycobacterium bovis antigens have recently emerged as ancillary tests for the detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, particularly when used after the injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) for skin testing, which significantly boosts M. bovis-specific antibody responses. The present findings demonstrate the onset and duration of boosted antibody responses after the injection of M.

Potential for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).

A case of fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was diagnosed postmortem in a captive 33-yr-old male black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) after a nonspecific illness in April 2013. Retrospective testing of sera from this individual revealed that it had been seroreactive by ElephantTB STAT-PAK, dual-path platform VetTB, and multi-antigen print immunoassay for over 12 yr prior to death. Although samples collected at the time of intradermal tuberculin test performed in October 2000 were nonreactive in all three serologic assays, the animal appeared to seroconvert approximately 2.

Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and cats in same household, Texas, USA, 2012.

Mycobacterium bovis infection of cats is exceedingly rare in regions where bovine tuberculosis is not endemic. We describe the diagnosis and clinical management of pulmonary M. bovis infection in 2 indoor-housed cats and their association with at least 1 M.

Retrospective serological investigation of bovine tuberculosis in two gemsbok (Oryx gazelle gazelle) and an onager (Equus hemionus onager).

In 1997 a 26-yr-old gemsbok (Oryx gazelle gazelle) died of bovine tuberculosis in a zoo. Three remaining gemsbok were administered the comparative tuberculin skin test repeatedly over a period of 5 mo. Two animals showed inconclusive results on the second test.

Field evaluation of three blood-based assays for elk (Cervus canadensis) naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in wild populations is very challenging due to complications imposed by the use of traditional skin tests, poor sensitivity of gold standard tests which rely on culture of M. bovis from tissues and wide variations in severity of disease. Various combinations of a lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) and the Cervid TB Stat-Pak were evaluated using two different validation approaches: a latent class analysis and classical statistical approach using culture as a gold standard.

Rapid detection of serum antibody by dual-path platform VetTB assay in white-tailed deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cervids remains a significant problem affecting farmed herds and wild populations. Traditional skin testing has serious limitations in certain species, whereas emerging serological assays showed promising diagnostic performance. The recently developed immunochromatographic dual-path platform (DPP) VetTB assay has two antigen bands, T1 (MPB83 protein) and T2 (CFP10/ESAT-6 fusion protein), for antibody detection.

Accuracy of a dual path platform (DPP) assay for the rapid point-of-care diagnosis of human leptospirosis.

Background: Diagnosis of leptospirosis by the gold standard serologic assay, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), requires paired sera and is not widely available. We developed a rapid assay using immunodominant Leptospira immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins in a Dual Path Platform (DPP). This study aimed to evaluate the assay's diagnostic performance in the setting of urban transmission.

Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a bontebok (Damaliscus pygaragus dorcas) herd: diagnostic challenges in differentiating from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

Two adult female bontebok (Damaliscus pygarus dorcas) were euthanized because of signs of pneumonia and weakness (case 1), and a nonresponsive lameness with draining fistula (case 2). Necropsy findings were similar in both cases and consisted of disseminated granulomatous lesions in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, pleural surfaces, and multiple lymph nodes. Mycobacterium kansasii was isolated from both cases after multiple attempts on a variety of samples by two laboratories.

Detection of antibodies to tuberculosis antigens in free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) infected with Mycobacterium bovis in Kruger National Park, South Africa.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has become established in Kruger National Park, South Africa, in the cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population and in other species. TB in prey species has resulted in infection and morbidity in the resident lion (Panthera leo) prides. The only validated live animal test currently available for lions is the intradermal tuberculin test.

Field application of serodiagnostics to identify elephants with tuberculosis prior to case confirmation by culture.

Three serologic methods for antibody detection in elephant tuberculosis (TB), the multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA), ElephantTB STAT-PAK kit, and DPP VetTB test, were evaluated using serial serum samples from 14 captive elephants infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 5 countries. In all cases, serological testing was performed prior to the diagnosis of TB by mycobacterial culture of trunk wash or tissue samples collected at necropsy. All elephants produced antibody responses to M.

Pulmonary Disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Horse: Zoonotic Concerns and Limitations of Antemortem Testing.

A case of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was diagnosed in a horse. Clinical evaluation performed prior to euthanasia did not suggest tuberculosis, but postmortem examination provided pathological and bacteriological evidence of mycobacteriosis. In the lungs, multiple tuberculoid granulomas communicating with the bronchiolar lumen, pleural effusion, and a granulomatous lymphadenitis involving mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were found.

Diagnostic value of animal-side antibody assays for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium microti infection in South American camelids.

Tuberculosis (TB) in South American camelids (SAC) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium microti. Two serological methods, rapid testing (RT) and the dual-path platform (DPP) assay, were evaluated using naturally infected SAC. The study population included 156 alpacas and 175 llamas in Great Britain, Switzerland, and the United States.

Comparative study of IFNγ and antibody tests for feline tuberculosis.

This study describes the comparison of the cell-based interferon-gamma (IFNγ) test with serological rapid antibody tests (STAT-PAK and DPP VetTB) for the ante mortem testing of tuberculosis in domestic cats. The antibody specificities of rapid antibody test-positive cats were further discerned using multi-antigen print immunoassay. A total of 62 cats with culture-confirmed Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium malmoense, as well as negative controls and dangerous-contact cats were tested.

Pinniped tuberculosis in Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) and its transmission to other terrestrial mammals.

In the last 7 yr, three different species of terrestrial mammals were diagnosed with Mycobacterium pinnipedii either within one collection or through the introduction of an infected animal from another zoo. The affected species included the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus bactrianus), and crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata). In the first zoo, all of these were living in exhibits adjacent to a group of South American sea lions (Otariaflavescens) and were cared for by the same keeper.

Bovine tuberculosis in a nebraska herd of farmed elk and fallow deer: a failure of the tuberculin skin test and opportunities for serodiagnosis.

In 2009, Mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in a herd of 60 elk (Cervus elaphus) and 50 fallow deer (Dama dama) in Nebraska, USA. Upon depopulation of the herd, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) was estimated at ∼71-75%, based upon histopathology and culture results. Particularly with elk, gross lesions were often severe and extensive.

Comparison of three immunodiagnostic assays for antemortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis stimulation in domestic cats.

Mycobacterium bovis causes disease in numerous mammalian species including humans, thus making research, surveillance, and control important in the eradication of tuberculosis. Domestic cats are susceptible to multiple mycobacterial species including Mycobacterium bovis; however, their role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis is not fully documented. The current study was an evaluation of the immune response in specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats stimulated with sensitinogen, a heat-killed M.

Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens of high serodiagnostic value.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with several million new cases detected each year. Current methods of diagnosis are time-consuming and/or expensive or have a low level of accuracy. Therefore, new diagnostics are urgently needed to address the global tuberculosis burden and to improve control programs.

Sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors of novel serological tests used for the rapid diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus).

In this study, novel serological tests were used to detect tuberculosis (TB) in groups of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) varying in disease status or possible confounding factors. Groups of deer naturally or experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis and animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis were studied, as were uninfected animals and animals naturally or experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Comparison of test performance and evaluation of novel immunoassays for tuberculosis in a captive herd of wood bison naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

In 1996, the Hook Lake Wood Bison Recovery Project was initiated to establish a small, disease-free, captive, bison-breeding herd. Founders originated from wild bison herds in the Slave River Lowlands in northern Canada, which, like other bison herds in and around Wood Buffalo National Park, are endemically infected with bovine tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) and brucellosis (caused by Brucella abortus). After 9 yr of apparent disease freedom, tuberculosis was detected within the captive herd, leading to complete depopulation.

Application of Elephant TB STAT-PAK assay and MAPIA (multi-antigen print immunoassay) for detection of tuberculosis and monitoring of treatment in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).

Many wildlife species including rhinos are susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. Antemortem diagnostic testing in large exotic hoof stock species has been limited by challenges associated with test administration, sample collection, and interpretation.