Assessing genotypes of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an alternative to maize silage for sheep nutrition.

Nutritive value of five Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) genotypes (IG96-50, IG96-96, IG96-358, IG96-401 and IG96-403) weredetermined. Their sugar contents (>70 mg/g of dry matter) and ensiling potential were evaluated using in vitro batch culture and in vivo studies. Research indicated significant differences (P < 0.

Phytosanitary irradiation treatment of the aerial root mealybug, Pseudococcus baliteus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).

The aerial root mealybug, Pseudococcus baliteus Lit (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important invasive and quarantine pest that poses a potential threat to fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. As a result, phytosanitary treatments are necessary to ensure the commodities of international trade are free from these pests. To determine the minimum absorbed dose required for phytosanitary irradiation (PI) application, irradiation dose-response and large-scale confirmatory tests were conducted.

Fuzzy model for quantitative assessment of the epidemic risk of African Swine Fever within Australia.

African Swine Fever (ASF) has spread rapidly across different continents since 2007 and caused huge biosecurity threats and economic losses. Establishing an effective risk assessment model is of great importance for ASF prevention, especially for those ASF-free countries such as Australia. With a vast territory and an economy heavily relying on primary industry, Australia faces a threat from the spread of ASF.

Upregulated TUBG1 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development is a complex pathological process. Tubulin gamma 1 (TUBG1) plays an oncogenic role in several human cancers; however, its functional role in HCC tumorigenesis remains unknown.

Methods: Herein we first evaluated the gene expression levels of TUBG1 in HCC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases.

Correlation between Irradiation Treatment and Metabolite Changes in (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

The metabolites produced by the larvae of (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to different doses of irradiation were analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a metabonomic analysis method of irradiated insects based on GC-MS was established. The analysis revealed 67 peaks, of which 23 peaks were identified. The metabolites produced by larvae treated with different irradiation doses were compared by multivariate statistical analysis, and eight differential metabolites were selected.

Source Regions of the First Immigration of Fall Armyworm, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Invading Australia.

Fall armyworm is recognized as one of most highly destructive global agricultural pests. In January 2020, it had first invaded Australia, posing a significant risk to its biosecurity, food security, and agricultural productivity. In this study, the migration paths and wind systems for the case of fall armyworm invading Australia were analyzed using a three-dimensional trajectory simulation approach, combined with its flight behavior and NCEP meteorological reanalysis data.

Ethyl formate + nitrogen fumigant: a new, safe, and environmentally friendly option for treating a 20 ft shipping container loaded with general freight.

The use of shipping containers for cargo transportation has the potential to transport insect pests from infested to non-infested areas. Fumigation is required as an appropriate biosecurity measure to exterminate insect pests. Fumigation trials were conducted in a 20 ft general purpose (GP) shipping container.

Study on the Correlation between the Protein Profile of Lupin Milk and Its Cheese Production Compared with Cow's Milk.

Australian sweet lupin, the largest legume crop grown in Western Australia, is receiving global attention from the producers of new foods. To understand the effect of protein on cheese yield, lupin milk proteins were separated from the first, second, and third filtrations by cheesecloths. However, proteins from the first and second were analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; then, the isolated proteins associated with cheese production were identified.

Dual Role of Hepatic Macrophages in the Establishment of the Metacestode in Mice.

larvae, predominantly located in the liver, cause a tumor-like parasitic disease, alveolar echinococcosis (AE), that is characterized by increased infiltration of various immune cells, including macrophages, around the lesion that produces an "immunosuppressive" microenvironment, favoring its persistent infection. However, the role of hepatic macrophages in the host defense against infection remains poorly defined. Using human liver tissues from patients with AE and a hepatic experimental mouse model of , we investigated the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages during the parasite infection.

In-transit fumigation of shipping containers with ethyl formate + nitrogen on road and continued journey on sea.

Fumigation is required as an appropriate biosecurity measure to exterminate insect pests in shipping containers. The aim of this study was to determine if ethyl formate (EF) + nitrogen could be safely applied as an in-transit fumigant for containers transported on land and then by sea. In-transit fumigation trials were conducted in four 20 ft shipping containers during a four-day journey in December 2019 in Western Australia.

Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) promotes the alternative activation of macrophages via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Background: Larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) dwell in host organs for a long time but elicit only a mild inflammatory response, which indicates that the resolution of host inflammation is necessary for parasite survival. The recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) has been observed in a variety of helminth infections, and emerging evidence indicates that AAMs are critical for the resolution of inflammation. However, whether AAMs can be induced by E.

Commercial trials evaluating the novel use of ethyl formate for in-transit fumigation of shipping containers.

The use of shipping containers for cargo transportation has the potential to transport insect pests from infested to non-infested areas. Therefore, fumigation is required as an appropriate biosecurity measure to exterminate these pests. In-transit fumigation trials were conducted in two 20 ft shipping containers during a two-day journey in both September and December 2017.

Optimization and Validation of HS-SPME-GCMS Method for Determination of Multifumigant Residues in Grain, Oilseeds, Nuts, and Dry Fruit.

Fumigants are approved in many countries and used to treat food, feed, and seed. The amount of residue that remains in fumigated materials is measured and reported. The optimization and validation of a high-sensitivity headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GCMS) method for determination of eight fumigant residues-phosphine, methyl bromide, cyanogen, sulfuryl fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ethyl bromide and ethyl formate-in a range of food matrices were developed.

Physical, chemical and biological behaviour of fumigants on cottonseed.

Fumigation is required to protect cottonseed in storage and pre-shipment from insect pests and/or microorganisms. Fumigation of cottonseed with carbon disulphide (CS), carbonyl sulphide (COS), ethanedinitrile (CN), ethyl formate (EF), methyl bromide (MB) and phosphine (PH) showed that >85% of the fumigants disappeared within 5 h of exposure. COS maintained >20 mg L for 24 h.

Application of Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) for Understanding Biological Changes of Mediterranean Fruit Fly () During Mating Procedures.

Samples from three different mating stages (before, during and after mating) of the Mediterranean fruit fly were used in this experiment. Samples obtained from whole insects were subjected to extraction with the two mixtures of solvents (acetonitrile/water (A) and methanol/acetonitrile/water (B)) and a comparative study of the extractions using the different solvents was performed. Direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) was employed, followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analyses (GC/MS) for the collection, separation and identification of compounds.

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the immunoblotting and ELISA tests using recombinant Em18 antigen in human alveolar echinococcosis from Xingjiang China.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a prevalent epidemic in the northern hemisphere, especially in central Europe and western China. Serum diagnosis is important for patients with AE, especially during the first screening. The present study purified the recombinant Em18-GST (rEm18-GST), and detected its diagnostic performance in human alveolar echinococcosis patients of Xinjiang, China with immunoblotting (IB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Plasma IL-23 and IL-5 as surrogate markers of lesion metabolic activity in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake by alveolar echinococcosis (AE) liver lesions is a signal of their metabolic activity and of disease progression. In order to find a surrogate marker for this status, we investigated whether parameters of the peripheral and/or periparasitic immune responses were associated with metabolic activity in a prospective case-control study of 30 AE patients and 22 healthy controls. Levels of 18 cytokines and chemokines, representative of innate and adaptive immune responses, were assessed in plasma and peripheral cells of two groups of patients with (MAAE) and without (MIAE) metabolically active lesions, and in the liver of MAAE patients.

Expression of toll-like receptor 2, 4 and related cytokines in intraperitoneally inoculated Balb/C mice with .

Immune response pattern between host and () is considered as a crucial point in development of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). In this study, we are aiming to study the expression patterns of TLR2 and TLR4 with related cytokines and transcription factors in secondary infected murine model. The murine model of AE was developed by using intraperitoneal inoculation of protoscolexes and albendazole (+ABZ group) or carboxy methyle cellulose (CMC; +CMC group) administration via gastric tube was initiated in the third month and continued for one month.

A Combination Treatment Using Ethyl Formate and Phosphine to Control Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Pineapples.

Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), is a known quarantine pest that is difficult to control with phosphine (PH) or low concentrations of ethyl formate (EF), particularly at low temperatures. Methyl bromide (MB) is a fumigant used for quarantine and preshipment (QPS) that can eradicate target pests with short fumigation periods. However, MB, which is an ozone-depleting substance, is scheduled to be phased out in South Korea over the next decade.

[Changes of Toll-like Receptor mRNA and Related Cytokines in Patients with Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis].

Objective: To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor 2（TLR2） and TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） and in the liver of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), and their correlations with related cytokines in plasma.

Methods: Twenty-eight HAE patients hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University during January 2012 and June 2015 and 28 healthy volunteers as a control were enrolled in this study. Plasma levels of interferon-γ （IFN-γ）, interleukin-5 （IL-5）, IL-23, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA.

Parasitic infection as a potential therapeutic tool against rheumatoid arthritis.

Parasites, which are a recently discovered yet ancient dweller in human hosts, remain a great public health burden in underdeveloped countries, despite preventative efforts. Rheumatoid arthritis is a predominantly cosmopolitan health problem with drastic morbidity rates, although encouraging progress has been achieved regarding treatment. However, although various types of methods and agents have been applied clinically, their broad usage has been limited by their adverse effects and/or high costs.

[Research Achievements and Challenges for Echinococcosis Control].

Echinococcosis is an important communicable disease that has remarkable impacts on the global health. The disease is highly endemic in western China. In the last decades, achievements were obtained for the surgery and drug therapies for echinococcosis, as well as for studies on genomics, signaling pathways, and liver proliferation and injury of the intermediate hosts.

An Innovative Rapid Method for Analysis of 10 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Wheat by HS-SPME-GC-FPD/MSD.

The rapid detection of pesticide residues in wheat has become a top food security priority. A solvent-free headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been evaluated for rapid screening of organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) residues in wheat with high sensitivity. Individual wheat samples (1.

Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 and Related Cytokines in Patients with Hepatic Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis.

Several studies have demonstrated the important role of Toll-like receptors in various parasitic infections. This study aims to explore expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and related cytokines in patients with human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). 78 subjects including AE group (N = 28), CE group (N = 22), and healthy controls (HC, N = 28) were enrolled in this study.

The Potential Role of Th9 Cell Related Cytokine and Transcription Factors in Patients with Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis.

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal parasitic infectious disease which may lead to liver failure if left untreated. It is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis and usually develops a substantial infiltrative occupation in solid organs. During the infection, T helper subsets are known to play crucial role in crosstalk between the parasite and human host.