Review of non-penetrating ballistic testing techniques for protection assessment: From biological data to numerical and physical surrogates.

Human surrogates have long been employed to simulate human behaviour, beginning in the automotive industry and now widely used throughout the safety framework to estimate human injury during and after accidents and impacts. In the specific context of blunt ballistics, various methods have been developed to investigate wound injuries, including tissue simulants such as clays or gelatine ballistic, physical dummies and numerical models. However, all of these surrogate entities must be biofidelic, meaning they must accurately represent the biological properties of the human body.

A new biomechanical FE model for blunt thoracic impact.

In the field of biomechanics, numerical procedures can be used to understand complex phenomena that cannot be analyzed with experimental setups. The use of experimental data from human cadavers can present ethical issues that can be avoided by utilizing biofidelic models. Biofidelic models have been shown to have far-reaching benefits, particularly in evaluating the effectiveness of protective devices such as body armors.

Effect of blast loading on the risk of rib fractures: a preliminary 3D numerical investigation.

Blast is a complex phenomenon which needs to be understood, especially in a military framework, where this kind of loading can have severe consequences on the human body. Indeed, the literature lists a number of studies which try to investigate the dangerousness of such a phenomenon, both at experimental and numerical level, and the injuries that could occur when the fighters or police officers are stroke by blast wave. When focusing on primary blast effect, this paper analyses the effect of this loading on the occurrence of rib fracture, using previously developed injury risk curves.

Surface Texturization of Breast Implants Impacts Extracellular Matrix and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Asymptomatic Capsules.

Background: Texturing processes have been designed to improve biocompatibility and mechanical anchoring of breast implants. However, a high degree of texturing has been associated with severe abnormalities. In this study, the authors aimed to determine whether implant surface topography could also affect physiology of asymptomatic capsules.

Geometrical and material parameters to assess the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of fresh cranial bone samples.

The present study aims at providing quantitative data for the personalisation of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the adult cranial bone to be applied to head FE models. A set of 351 cranial bone samples, harvested from 21 human skulls, were submitted to three-point bending tests at 10 mm/min. For each of them, an apparent elastic modulus was calculated using the beam's theory and a density-dependant beam inertia.

Skull wounds linked with blunt trauma (hammer example). A report of two depressed skull fractures--elements of biomechanical explanation.

The lesions of the skull following perforating traumas can create complex fractures. The blunt traumas can, according to the swiftness and the shape of the object used, create a depressed fracture. The authors describe through two clinical cases the lesional characteristic of the blunt traumas, perforating the skull using a hammer.