Revolutionizing healthcare: inorganic medicinal nanoarchitectonics for advanced theranostics.

Over the last two decades, advancements in nanomaterials and nanoscience have paved the path for the emergence of nano-medical convergence science, significantly impacting healthcare. In our review, we highlight how these advancements are applied in various biomedical technologies such as drug delivery systems, bio-imaging for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Recently, novel inorganic nanohybrid drugs have been developed, combining multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials with therapeutic agents (known as inorganic medicinal nanoarchitectonics).

Insight into Preventing Global Dengue Spread: Nanoengineered Niclosamide for Viral Infections.

Millions of cases of dengue virus (DENV) infection yearly from mosquitoes stress the need for effective antivirals. No current drug effectively combats dengue efficiently. Transient immunity and severe risks highlight the need for broad-spectrum antivirals targeting all serotypes of DENV.

The Next Generation COVID-19 Antiviral; Niclosamide-Based Inorganic Nanohybrid System Kills SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious global threat with surging new variants of concern. Although global vaccinations have slowed the pandemic, their longevity is still unknown. Therefore, new orally administrable antiviral agents are highly demanded.

Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Cancer Therapy.

Polymeric micelles, nanosized assemblies of amphiphilic polymers with a core-shell architecture, have been used as carriers for various therapeutic compounds. They have gained attention due to specific properties such as their capacity to solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs, biocompatibility, and the ability to accumulate in tumor via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR). Moreover, additional functionality can be provided to the micelles by a further modification.

NOAEL cancer therapy: a tumor targetable docetaxel-inorganic polymer nanohybrid prevents drug-induced neutropenia.

To date, cancer therapies largely consist of five pillars: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Still, researchers are trying to innovate the current cancer therapies to pursue an ideal one without side effects. For developing such a therapy, we designed a chemically well-defined route to a PEG- and docetaxel (DTX)-conjugated inorganic polymer, polyphosphazene, named "polytaxel (PTX)" with a prolonged blood circulation time and tumor localization.

Effects of Nanofillers Based on Cetyltrimethylammonium-Modified Clays in a Polypropylene Nanocomposite.

Nanocomposites of hydrophobic organo-clay/polypropylene (organo-clay/PP) were efficiently developed through a solution-blending technique. For this, we utilized various smectite clays as host agents; namely, Na-montmorillonite (Mt, ~1000 nm), Na-fluorine mica (Mica, ~1500 nm), and Na-hectorite (Ht, ~60 nm) with varied sizes, layer charges, and aspect ratios. Such clays were functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) bromide via an intercalation technique to obtain hydrophobic organic clays.

pH-Responsive Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids System for Controlled Nicotinic Acid Drug Release.

Although nicotinic acid (NA) has several clinical benefits, its potency cannot be fully utilized due to several undesirable side effects, including cutaneous flushing, GIT-associated symptoms, etc. To overcome such issues and improve the NA efficacy, a new inorganic-organic nanohybrids system was rationally designed. For making such a hybrid system, NA was intercalated into LDH through a coprecipitation technique and then coated with Eudragit S100 to make the final drug delivery system called Eudragit S100-coated NA-LDH.

Bio-Inorganic Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrids in Photochemotherapy: A Mini Review.

Clay-based bio-inorganic nanohybrids, such as layered double hydroxides (LDH), have been extensively researched in the various fields of biomedicine, particularly for drug delivery and bio-imaging applications. Recent trends indicate that such two-dimensional LDH can be hybridized with a variety of photo-active biomolecules to selectively achieve anti-cancer benefits through numerous photo/chemotherapies (PCT), including photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and magnetic hyperthermia, a combination of therapies to achieve the best treatment regimen for patients that cannot be treated either by surgery or radiation alone. Among the novel two-dimensional clay-based bio-inorganic nanohybrids, LDH could enhance the photo-stability and drug release controllability of the PCT agents, which would, in turn, improve the overall phototherapeutic performance.

Artesunate drug-loaded 2D nano-shuttle landing on RBCs infected with malaria parasites.

Artesunic acid (AS), a derivative of artemisinin, is recommended for the treatment of severe and complicated malaria, but its use is limited because of limitations such as a short half-life, non-specific targeting capability, low bioavailability, . To overcome these issues, a novel 2D inorganic delivery shuttle system for an AS drug to target the malarial host, red blood cells (RBCs), is explored by immobilizing AS into 2D metal hydroxides to form AS (artesunate, the deprotonated form of artesunic acid) nanohybrid drugs. Haemolysis assay showed that the AS nanohybrids not only are haemo-compatible but also target RBCs due to the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between RBCs and AS nanohybrids.

NICLOSAMIDE-EXFOLIATED ANIONIC CLAY NANOHYBRID REPURPOSED AS AN ANTIVIRAL DRUG FOR TACKLING COVID-19; ORAL FORMULATION WITH TWEEN 60/EUDRAGIT S100.

Unlabelled: The ongoing pandemic, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), has afflicted millions of people around the world, necessitating that the scientific community work, diligently and promptly, on suitable medicaments. Although vaccination programs have been run globally, the new variants of COVID-19 make it difficult to restrict the spread of the virus by vaccination alone. The combination of vaccination with anti-viral drug formulation is an ideal strategy for tackling the current pandemic situation.

Niclosamide encapsulated in mesoporous silica and geopolymer: A potential oral formulation for COVID-19.

COVID-19 is a rapidly evolving emergency, for which there have been no specific medication found yet. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution for this ongoing pandemic with the aid of advanced pharmaceutics. What is proposed as a solution is the repurposing of FDA approved drug such as niclosamide (NIC) having multiple pathways to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2, the specific virion that induces COVID-19.

Injectable niclosamide nanohybrid as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategy.

COVID-19 is a rapidly evolving emergency, which necessitates scientific community to come up with novel formulations that could find quick relief to the millions affected around the globe. Remdesivir being the only injectable drug by FDA for COVID-19, it initially showed promising results, however, later on failed to retain its claims, hence rejected by the WHO. Therefore, it is important to develop injectable formulation that are effective and affordable.

Bovine Serum Albumin-Coated Niclosamide-Zein Nanoparticles as Potential Injectable Medicine against COVID-19.

(1) Background: COVID-19 has affected millions of people worldwide, but countries with high experimental anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates among the general population respectively show progress in achieving general herd immunity in the population (a combination of natural and vaccine-induced acquired immunity), resulting in a significant reduction in both newly detected infections and mortality rates. However, the longevity of the vaccines' ability to provide protection against the ongoing pandemic is still unclear. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have new medications to fight against the pandemic at the earliest point possible.

Inorganic-inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery, imaging and photo-therapy: recent developments and future scope.

Advanced nanotechnology has been emerging rapidly in terms of novel hybrid nanomaterials that have found various applications in day-to-day life for the betterment of the public. Specifically, gold, iron, silica, hydroxy apatite, and layered double hydroxide based nanohybrids have shown tremendous progress in biomedical applications, including bio-imaging, therapeutic delivery and photothermal/dynamic therapy. Moreover, recent progress in up-conversion nanohybrid materials is also notable because they have excellent NIR imaging capability along with therapeutic benefits which would be useful for treating deep-rooted tumor tissues.

Hydrotalcite-Niclosamide Nanohybrid as Oral Formulation towards SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infections.

COVID-19 has been affecting millions of individuals worldwide and, thus far, there is no accurate therapeutic strategy. This critical situation necessitates novel formulations for already existing, FDA approved, but poorly absorbable drug candidates, such as niclosamide (NIC), which is of great relevance. In this context, we have rationally designed NIC-loaded hydrotalcite composite nanohybrids, which were further coated with Tween 60 or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), and characterized them in vitro.

Niclosamide-Clay Intercalate Coated with Nonionic Polymer for Enhanced Bioavailability toward COVID-19 Treatment.

Niclosamide (NIC), a conventional anthelmintic agent, is emerging as a repurposed drug for COVID-19 treatment. However, the clinical efficacy is very limited due to its low oral bioavailability resulting from its poor aqueous solubility. In the present study, a new hybrid drug delivery system made of NIC, montmorillonite (MMT), and Tween 60 is proposed to overcome this obstacle.

Recent Developments on Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles as Smart Photo-Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Treatments-A Review.

Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPN) have been emerging as novel functional nano materials for phototherapy which includes PTT (photo-thermal therapy), PDT (photodynamic therapy), and their combination. Therefore, it is important to look into their recent developments and further explorations specifically in cancer treatment. Therefore, the present review describes novel semiconducting polymers at the nanoscale, along with their applications and limitations with a specific emphasis on future perspectives.

Self-Assembled Supramolecular Bilayer Nanoparticles Composed of Near-Infrared Dye as a Theranostic Nanoplatform To Encapsulate Hydrophilic Drugs Effectively.

The strategy of co-loading therapeutic agents in a single nanocarrier is the most common method in theranostic cancer research. However, it is still challenging to encapsulate theranostic agents that have different physicochemical properties in a single nanocarrier system because of the immiscibility between the hydrophobic fluorescent molecule and the hydrophilic drug molecule. Thus, we report a novel concept of a theranostic nanoparticle (NP) consisting of an amphiphilic near-infrared (NIR) dye as a hydrophilic drug delivery carrier with enhanced NIR imaging capability.

CD44-Mediated Methotrexate Delivery by Hyaluronan-Coated Nanoparticles Composed of a Branched Cell-Penetrating Peptide.

Branched polymers as drug delivery carriers have been widely attempted due to their outstanding drug loading capability and complex stability like branched polyethyleneimine (B-PEI). However, branched polymers without biodegradability may cause toxicity as they can accumulate in the body. Herein, we report branched modified nona-arginine (B-mR9) composed of redox-cleavable disulfide bonds to form stable complexes with methotrexate (MTX) as an anticancer agent, which is further coated with hyaluronic acid (HA).

Retraction: Radio frequency triggered curcumin delivery from thermo and pH responsive nanoparticles containing gold nanoparticles and its localization studies in an orthotopic breast tumor model.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1039/C4RA05727A.].