Time for change? A systematic review with meta-analysis of leptospires infecting dogs to assess vaccine compatibility in Brazil.

Dogs are thought to be highly exposed to environmental pathogenic leptospires, possibly acting as potential sources of infection for zoonotic transmission. Vaccination stands as the cornerstone strategy to prevent disease and urinary shedding in dogs, yet the success of vaccination is highly dependent on the correspondence of leptospires circulating locally with those used in vaccine compositions. To provide evidence for vaccine compatibility, and to assess whether there are regional differences on serogroup distribution, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis on serological data, characterization of leptospiral isolates and risk factors for seropositivity in dogs from Brazil.

Development and characterization of an overtraining animal model.

Purpose: Development of an endurance training-overtraining protocol for Wistar rats that includes increased workload and is characterized by analyses of performance and biomarkers.

Methods: The running protocol lasted 11 wk: 8 wk of daily exercise sessions followed by 3 wk of increasing training frequency (two, three, and four times), with decreasing recovery time between sessions (4, 3, and 2 h) to cause an imbalance between overload and recovery. The performance tests were made before training (T1) and after the 4th (T2), 8th (T3), 9th (T4), 10th (T5), and 11th (T6) training weeks.