A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes-A Summary of Participant and Intervention Characteristics.

: We aimed to review the effect of lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the participants and intervention characteristics. : We systematically searched seven databases for RCTs of lifestyle interventions published up to 24 July 2024. We included 30 studies that reported the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or body weight.

Feedback driven autonomous cycles of assembly and disassembly from minimal building blocks.

The construction of complex systems by simple chemicals that can display emergent network dynamics might contribute to our understanding of complex behavior from simple organic reactions. Here we design single amino acid/dipeptide-based systems that exhibit multiple periodic changes of (dis)assembly under non-equilibrium conditions in closed system, importantly in the absence of evolved biocatalysts. The two-component based building block exploits pH driven non-covalent assembly and time-delayed accelerated catalysis from self-assembled state to install orthogonal feedback loops with a single batch of reactants.

Allosteric Control of the Catalytic Properties of Dipeptide-Based Supramolecular Assemblies.

Allostery, as seen in extant biology, governs the activity regulation of enzymes through the redistribution of conformational equilibria upon binding an effector. Herein, a minimal design is demonstrated where a dipeptide can exploit dynamic imine linkage to condense with simple aldehydes to access spherical aggregates as catalytically active states, which facilitates an orthogonal reaction due to the closer proximity of catalytic residues (imidazoles). The allosteric site (amine) of the minimal catalyst can concomitantly bind to an inhibitor via a dynamic exchange, which leads to the alternation of the energy landscape of the self-assembled state, resulting in downregulation of catalytic activity.

Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis through the Lens of Health Equity.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellites is one of the health problems disproportionally affecting people with low socioeconomic statuses. Gestational diabetes mellites increases the risk of type 2 diabetes by up to ten-fold for women. Lifestyle interventions prevent type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes.

Emergence of Photomodulated Protometabolism by Short Peptide-Based Assemblies.

In the early Earth, rudimentary enzymes must have utilized the available light energy source to modulate protometabolic processes. Herein, we report the light-responsive C-C bond manipulation via short peptide-based assemblies bound to the photosensitive molecular cofactor (azo-based photoswitch) where the energy of the light source regulated the binding sites which subsequently modulated the retro-aldolase activity. In the presence of a continual source of high-energy photons, temporal realization of a catalytically more proficient state could be achieved under nonequilibrium conditions.

Covalent Organic Framework Cladding on Peptide-Amphiphile-Based Biomimetic Catalysts.

Peptide-based biomimetic catalysts are promising materials for efficient catalytic activity in various biochemical transformations. However, their lack of operational stability and fragile nature in non-aqueous media limit their practical applications. In this study, we have developed a cladding technique to stabilize biomimetic catalysts within porous covalent organic framework (COF) scaffolds.

Nonequilibrium Amyloid Polymers Exploit Dynamic Covalent Linkage to Temporally Control Charge-Selective Catalysis.

Extant proteins exploit thermodynamically activated negatively charged coenzymes and hydrotropes to temporally access mechanistically important conformations that regulate vital biological functions, from metabolic reactions to expression modulation. Herein, we show that a short amyloid peptide can bind to a small molecular coenzyme by exploiting reversible covalent linkage to polymerize and access catalytically proficient nonequilibrium amyloid microphases. Subsequent hydrolysis of the activated coenzyme leads to depolymerization, realizing a variance of the surface charge of the assembly as a function of time.

Systems chemistry of peptide-assemblies for biochemical transformations.

During the billions of years of the evolutionary journey, primitive polymers, involved in proto metabolic pathways with low catalytic activity, played critical roles in the emergence of modern enzymes with remarkable substrate specificity. The precise positioning of amino acid residues and the complex orchestrated interplay in the binding pockets of evolved enzymes promote covalent and non-covalent interactions to foster a diverse set of complex catalytic transformations. Recent efforts to emulate the structural and functional information of extant enzymes by minimal peptide based assemblies have attempted to provide a holistic approach that could help in discerning the prebiotic origins of catalytically active binding pockets of advanced proteins.

A rare case of 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, pituitary and thyroid hypoplasia.

Summary: Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is characterized by congenital absence or hypoplasia of the uterus and upper two-thirds of the vagina in both phenotypically and karyotypically normal females with functional ovaries, whereas gonadal dysgenesis is a primary ovarian defect in otherwise normal 46,XX females. An association between these two conditions is extremely rare. We report a 21-year-old female presented with primary amenorrhea and undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics.

Effect of diabetes mellitus on pregnancy and birth outcomes in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study.

Background And Aims: Presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy is important cause of maternal and fetal complications. Studies that address the effect of DM on pregnancy and birth outcome are scarce in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DM on maternal and birth outcomes in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Emergence of a Promiscuous Peroxidase Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions.

Herein, we report the substrate induced generation of a transient catalytic microenvironment from a single amino acid functionalized fatty acid in presence of a cofactor hemin. The catalytic state accessed under non-equilibrium conditions showed acceleration of peroxidase activity resulting in degradation of the substrate and subsequently led to disassembly. Equilibrated systems could not access the three-dimensional microphases and showed substantially lower catalytic activity.

Magnitude of Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus Among Pregnant Women in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The presence of maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy has complications for both mother and child. Pre-existing DM can result in higher risk of maternal and child mortality and morbidity. In Ethiopia, the magnitude of pre-existing DM among pregnant women is not well studied.

Pretibial myxedema in a euthyroid patient: a case report.

Background: Pretibial myxedema also known as localized myxedema, thyroid dermopathy, or infiltrative dermopathy and rarely as localized mucinosis is an infrequent manifestation of Graves' disease. It can appear before, during, or after the thyrotoxic state. Euthyroid pretibial myxedema is a rare presentation with few case reports in the literature.

Aldolase Cascade Facilitated by Self-Assembled Nanotubes from Short Peptide Amphiphiles.

Early evolution benefited from a complex network of reactions involving multiple C-C bond forming and breaking events that were critical for primitive metabolism. Nature gradually chose highly evolved and complex enzymes such as lyases to efficiently facilitate C-C bond formation and cleavage with remarkable substrate selectivity. Reported here is a lipidated short peptide which accesses a homogenous nanotubular morphology to efficiently catalyze C-C bond cleavage and formation.

Condensates of short peptides and ATP for the temporal regulation of cytochrome c activity.

Herein, we report the generation of simple condensates of short peptides with ATP, which are spatiotemporally formed under dissipative conditions created in presence of ATP-ase. These coacervates could imbibe cytochrome c and temporally modulate a redox reaction catalyzed by the entrapped protein, thus mimicking the advanced functional machinery of transient intercellular membraneless condensates of large proteins and RNA.

Barriers for detection and management of gestational diabetes mellitus in southern Ethiopia: A qualitative study.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) complicates the health of mother and child not only in the short term but also in the long term basis. Addressing GDM through early detection and proper management is vital to improve maternal and child health. Identifying existing barriers for detection and management is important for policy improvement.

BE-SMART (Basal Early Strategies to Maximize HbA1c Reduction with Oral Therapy): Expert Opinion.

The past three decades have seen a quadruple rise in the number of people affected by diabetes mellitus worldwide, with the disease being the ninth major cause of mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often remains undiagnosed for several years due to its asymptomatic nature during the initial stages. In India, 70% of diagnosed diabetes cases remain uncontrolled.

Genomic Reduction at TTC Repeats in the Bacterial Genome of Treated Cases of Hansen's Disease: A Possible Survival Mechanism of .

Introduction: has a small genome and a tendency of persisting as a very low-grade infection. The authors have shown earlier, that the changes in TTC repeats, in genome may contribute to the restriction of the pathogenicity of the bacterium and its survival strategy in case of pure neural Hansen's disease. We suspect, that a similar genomic reduction if happens in treated cases of Hansen's disease, can be a determining factor for developing persisters and relapse.

BCG-induced Disseminated Mycobacterial Infection of Skin and Bone in an Otherwise Immunocompetent Child.

One 2-year-old undernourished girl presented to our outpatient with large erythematous scaly plaques in arm along with multiple bony swellings over nose, fingers, left foot, and back for the past 1 year. Apart from skin and bone lesions the girl was also had intermittent fever, pallor, irritability, and malnourishment. Her parents gave a history of incomplete healing at the BCG vaccination site.

Islet cell-associated autoantibodies in Ethiopians with diabetes mellitus.

Background & Aims: Our understanding of the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes in African populations is limited. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of 4 different islet cell-associated antibodies in Ethiopian patients with diabetes and non-diabetic controls.

Methods: A total of 187 subjects from a diabetic clinic at an Ethiopian hospital were evaluated in a cross-sectional study.

Unique TTC Repeat Base Pair Loss Mutation In Cases of Pure Neural Leprosy: A Survival Strategy of Mycobacterium Leprae?

Background: Genomic reduction helps obligate intracellular microbes to survive difficult host niches. Adaptation of Mycobacterium leprae in cases of pure neural leprosy (PNL) in the intracellular niche of peripheral nerves can be associated with some gene loss. Recently, a stable but variable number of tandem repefzats (TTC) have been reported in strains of M.

Vitamin D receptor expression levels determine the severity and complexity of disease progression among leprosy reaction patients.

We studied the roles of vitamin D and its receptor, VDR, in the progression of leprosy. The majority of individuals with leprosy from Kolkata, India, with a type 1 or type 2 reaction have low levels of vitamin D3 in serum samples. Interestingly, individuals with a type 2 reaction associated with neuritis/erythema nodosum leprosum had very low VDR mRNA expression levels, ranging from 5% to 10%, compared to that of healthy control subjects; these patients also had a high bacilli index, ranging from 3+ to 5+.