Metal halide perovskite toxicity effects on plants are caused by iodide ions.

Highly efficient solar cells containing lead halide perovskites are expected to revolutionize sustainable energy production in the coming years. Perovskites are generally assumed to be toxic because of the lead (Pb), but experimental evidence to support this prediction is scarce. We tested the toxicity of the perovskite MAPbI (MA = CHNH) and several precursors in plants.