12 tips to hear the voices of introverts in medical education … and to improve the learning climate for everyone.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Small group, highly interactive teaching is growing in popularity, making medical school stacked in favor of the extraverted student.

Fear-potentiated startle, but not light-enhanced startle, is enhanced by anxiogenic drugs.

Rationale And Objectives: The light-enhanced startle paradigm (LES) is suggested to model anxiety, because of the non-specific cue and the long-term effect. In contrast, the fear-potentiated startle (FPS) is suggested to model conditioned fear. However, the pharmacological profiles of these two paradigms are very similar.

Botox for the brain: enhancement of cognition, mood and pro-social behavior and blunting of unwanted memories.

It has been suggested that the recent rapid developments in the fields of neuroscience and psychopharmacology have increased the possibilities for pharmacological enhancement of mental functioning. Here, evidence is reviewed which shows that drugs acting on a variety of neurotransmitter systems can indeed enhance cognition, and to a lesser extent mood and pro-social behavior. Moreover, it seems possible to interfere with the (re)consolidation of traumatic memories.

The effects of sex and neonatal maternal separation on fear-potentiated and light-enhanced startle.

This study was based on the higher prevalence of anxiety disorders in women than in men, and on the finding that early adverse experiences are a major risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders later in life. The object of this study was to investigate in rats, the sensitivities of the light-enhanced startle (LES) and fear-potentiated startle (FPS) paradigms to sex differences and to determine the effects of maternal separation (MS) on the baseline startle magnitude and potentiated startle response in these paradigms. Pups in the MS group were separated daily from their mother for 180 min/day from postnatal day 2 (PND2) to PND14.

Light-enhanced and fear-potentiated startle: temporal characteristics and effects of alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing hormone.

Background: It has been suggested that the light-enhanced startle paradigm (LES) is an animal model for anxiety, because of the unconditioned and nonspecific cue and the long-term effect. In contrast, the fear-potentiated startle (FPS) is suggested to model fear. In the present study, we assessed in detail the time course of LES and FPS and investigated whether corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is differentially involved in these two models.

5-HT1A receptor knockout mice and mice overexpressing corticotropin-releasing hormone in models of anxiety.

Pharmacological experiments have implicated a role for serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptors in the modulation of anxiety. More recent is the interest in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system as a potential target for the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, selective pharmacological tools for the CRH system are limited, hampering research in this field.

The light-enhanced startle paradigm as a putative animal model for anxiety: effects of chlordiazepoxide, flesinoxan and fluvoxamine.

Rationale: Recently, a new putative animal model of anxiety, "light-enhanced startle" was introduced. By placing a rat in a brightly lit environment, which is a naturally aversive stimulus to rats, the amplitude of the startle response to a startle-eliciting noise burst is increased.

Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the predictive validity of the light-enhanced startle as a putative model for anxiety.