Studies on the contributions of smoke constituents, individually and in mixtures, in a range of in vitro bioactivity assays.

Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture with over 8700 identified constituents. Smoking causes many diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms of how cigarette smoke impacts disease initiation or progression are not well understood and individual smoke constituents causing these effects are not generally agreed upon.

Chronic nose-only inhalation study in rats, comparing room-aged sidestream cigarette smoke and diesel engine exhaust.

Nose-only exposure of male and female Wistar rats to a surrogate for environmental tobacco smoke, termed room-aged sidestream smoke (RASS), to diesel engine exhaust (DEE), or to filtered, fresh air (sham) was performed 6 hours/day, 7 days/week for 2 years, followed by a 6-month post-exposure period. The particulate concentrations were 3 and 10 mg/m3. Markers of inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage showed that DEE (but not RASS) produced a dose-related and persistent inflammatory response.

Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions.

Eight blended US market cigarettes, two blended reference cigarettes, one Bright tobacco only reference cigarette and an electrically heated prototype cigarette (EHC) were smoked under US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)/International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) conditions and under Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) conditions. Smoke was analysed for chemical composition and in vitro toxicity. Yields (quantity/cigarette) of smoke constituents were higher under MDPH conditions compared to FTC/ISO conditions (market and reference average approximately 2.

Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: Overview of technical concepts and summary of findings.

This series of papers provides a description of the toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette (EHC). With this novel cigarette design the tobacco is heated by a series of electric heating elements, which allows for greater control of the available heat and results in lower temperatures and less combustion compared with conventional lit-end cigarettes. This design was subjected to testing, including an evaluation of smoke chemistry, in vitro bacterial genotoxicity, in vitro mammalian cell cytotoxicity and a 90-day smoke inhalation study in rats.

Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity of inhaled methyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate in Sprague-Dawley rats.

No exposure-related clinical signs or lesions of systemic toxicity and no oncogenic responses were observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by inhalation to methyl acrylate (MA) or n-butyl acrylate (BA) vapours, at concentrations of 0, 15, 45 and 135 ppm. The rats were whole-body-exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 24 consecutive months. There was a 6-month post-exposure observation period for subgroups of BA-exposed rats.

Free lung cell phagocytosis and the effect of cigarette smoke exposure.

We report on a technique for studying phagocytosis in free lung cells with the use of fungal spores. Free lung cells were obtained from a bronchial lavage. They were incubated with fungal spores and the engulfment of these spores was studied at various time intervals and under different conditions.