Porous ceramic bone scaffolds for vascularized bone tissue regeneration.

Hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a multi modal porosity designed for use in tissue engineering of vascularized bone graft substitutes were prepared by three dimensional printing. Depending on the ratio of coarse (mean particle size 50 microm) to fine powder (mean particle size 4 microm) in the powder granulate and the sintering temperature total porosity was varied from 30% to 64%. While macroscopic pore channels with a diameter of 1 mm were created by CAD design, porosity structure in the sintered solid phase was governed by the granulate structure of the printing powder.