Balancing disturbance risk and ecosystem service provisioning in Swiss mountain forests: an increasing challenge under climate change.

Unlabelled: Climate change severely affects mountain forests and their ecosystem services, e.g., by altering disturbance regimes.

Tree species admixture increases ecosystem service provision in simulated spruce- and beech-dominated stands.

Unlabelled: Climate-adaptive forest management aims to sustain the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services and biodiversity (ESB). However, it remains largely unknown how changes in adaptive silvicultural interventions affect trade-offs and synergies among ESB in the long term. We used a simulation-based sensitivity analysis to evaluate popular adaptive forest management interventions in representative Swiss low- to mid-elevation beech- and spruce-dominated forest stands.