Double-hit primary central nervous system lymphoma with histogenetically proven bone marrow infiltration: a case report and a review of the literature.

Double-hit lymphoma (DHL) formerly referred to high-grade B-cell lymphoma with concurrent MYC and BCL2 or BCL6 rearrangements, however, the updated 2022 World Health Organization Classification (5th edition online) excludes those with MYC and BCL 6 rearrangements from the high-grade category. DHL confined to the central nervous system (CNS), known as double-hit primary CNS lymphoma (DH-PCNSL), is rare with poorly understood clinical features. Here, we report a case of a 64-year-old man with multiple brain tumors diagnosed with DH-PCNSL who showed bone marrow (BM) infiltration early in the clinical course.

Rapidly Progressing Intramedullary Spinal Cord Abscess: A Case Report.

Intramedullary spinal cord abscess is a rare and severe infectious disease characterized by devastating neurological deficits. We report a case of cervical intramedullary spinal cord abscess in a 74-year-old diabetic male with a 3-day history of neck pain and weakness in the right lower extremity. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a ring-shaped contrast lesion in C3-C6 of the cervical spinal cord with extensive edema.

Successful Treatment of a CNS Tumor with BCOR Internal Tandem Duplication: A Case Report.

A central nervous system (CNS) tumor with BCL-6 co-repressor (BCOR) internal tandem duplication (CNS tumor with BCOR ITD) is a rare tumor classified as an embryonal tumor by the World Health Organization classification (5th edition), and the prognosis is generally poor. A successfully treated case is reported, and its treatment is discussed. A five-year-old boy presented with a one-month history of headache and vomiting.

True anaplastic oligoastrocytoma with dual genotype: illustrative case.

Background: The revised fourth edition of the World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors was published in 2016. Based on this classification, one of the infiltrating glioma entities named "oligoastrocytoma/anaplastic oligoastrocytoma" is discouraged. It is proposed that these mixed gliomas should be classified as diffuse astrocytoma/anaplastic astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma/anaplastic oligodendroglioma when analyzing their genetic alteration.

Intracytoplasmic dot-like inclusions as cytopathologically useful findings of ependymoma: Case report of adolescent supratentorial anaplastic ependymoma with clear cell morphology.

Pediatric supratentorial ependymomas often have a clear cell morphology and reveal a fusion. When a clear cell neoplasm is intraoperatively diagnosed, intracytoplasmic dot-like inclusions by cytology are a useful cytopathological feature of ependymoma.

PD-1 aborts the activation trajectory of autoreactive CD8 T cells to prohibit their acquisition of effector functions.

Anti-PD-1 therapy can induce eradication of tumors and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in humans and model animals. However, how anti-PD-1 therapy modifies cellular phenotypes of CD8 T cells to destroy tumors and damage self-tissues remains to be clarified. Here we performed single cell mRNA expression profiling of autoreactive CD8 T cells under or beyond PD-1 suppression in target tissues and reconstructed their activation trajectory.

PD-1 Primarily Targets TCR Signal in the Inhibition of Functional T Cell Activation.

Cancer-immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) activates tumor-specific T cells and provides clinical benefits in various cancers. However, the molecular basis of PD-1 function is still enigmatic. Especially, it is unclear which signaling pathway PD-1 primarily targets.

PD-1 efficiently inhibits T cell activation even in the presence of co-stimulation through CD27 and GITR.

Cancer immunotherapies targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 revolutionized cancer treatment and instigated various trials to develop new cancer immunotherapies with higher therapeutic efficacy. Agonistic Abs against tumor necrosis factor receptor super family (TNFRSF) molecules are highly expected due to their high potential to enhance survival, proliferation, and effector function of T cells. To date, agonistic antibodies (Abs) against CD27, GITR, OX40, and 4-1BB have been reported to increase the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in animal models and clinical trials of these combinatorial therapies are underway.

TERT promoter methylation is significantly associated with TERT upregulation and disease progression in pituitary adenomas.

Purpose: Alterations in the promoter of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene are a major mechanism of upregulating telomerase, which plays a crucial role in tumor development. Mutations in the TERT promoter have been observed in a subset of brain tumors, including adult gliomas and high-grade meningiomas. In pituitary adenomas (PAs), however, abnormalities in TERT are not fully understood.