Airborne and aerosol pathogen transmission modeling of respiratory events in buildings: An overview of computational fluid dynamics.

Pathogen droplets released from respiratory events are the primary means of dispersion and transmission of the recent pandemic of COVID-19. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been widely employed as a fast, reliable, and inexpensive technique to support decision-making and to envisage mitigatory protocols. Nonetheless, the airborne pathogen droplet CFD modeling encounters limitations due to the oversimplification of involved physics and the intensive computational demand.

Development and validation of elder-friendly urban spaces questionnaire (EFUSQ).

Background: Considering the lack of specific measurement tools to study elders' perceptions in outdoor spaces, the study objectives were to derive and validate a questionnaire that assesses the essential features of elderly-friendly urban spaces.

Methods: We used closed-ended questions in two phases. In the first qualitative phase, a preliminary questionnaire was defined using grounded theory.