Intervention Response of Muscle Architecture and Composition Markers Assessed via Ultrasound Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Objectives: To evaluate the response of skeletal muscle architecture (fascicle length and pennation angle) and composition (echo intensity) markers assessed by ultrasonography to intervention in older adults.

Design: This is a subsection of a more comprehensive systematic review of clinical trials focusing on changes in muscle quality, registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42022357116).

Setting And Participants: Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of interventions lasting ≥8 weeks in adults aged ≥60 years on fascicle length, pennation angle, and echo intensity.

Mapping Normative Muscle Health Metrics Across the Aging Continuum: A Multinational Study Pooling Data From Eight Cohorts in Japan, Malaysia and Taiwan.

Background: The vigour of our musculature wanes as the years advance, and prognosticating the concomitant trajectories throughout the course of life assumes paramount importance for judicious and timely interventions. In the present study, we aimed to establish age- and sex-specific reference centiles for multiple muscle health metrics and reveal the distributions of these metrics throughout the aging process in the Asian population.

Methods: By using cross-sectional pooled data of community dwellers aged 20 years or older in eight cohorts from Taiwan, Japan and Malaysia, normative values for muscle health metrics (calf circumference (cm), relative appendicular skeletal muscle (RASM) (kilogram per square metre), body mass index (BMI)-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kilogram/(kilogram per square metre)), handgrip strength (kilogram), five-time chair stand (seconds) and gait speed (metre per second)) in men and women, categorized by age groups, are calculated.

Interactive Associations of Age, Apolipoprotein E ε4 Gene, Physical Activity, and Physical Functioning on Processing Speed.

Objectives: This study investigated the interactive associations of age, apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) genetic status, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and physical functioning on processing speed over a 10-year period.

Design: In this longitudinal study, participants underwent biennial assessments from 2002 to 2012 as part of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA).

Setting And Participants: We used data from 2518 middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults in Japan.

The Dementia SomaSignal Test (dSST): A plasma proteomic predictor of 20-year dementia risk.

Introduction: There is an unmet need for tools to quantify dementia risk during its multi-decade preclinical/prodromal phase, given that current biomarkers predict risk over shorter follow-up periods and are specific to Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: Using high-throughput proteomic assays and machine learning techniques in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (n = 11,277), we developed the Dementia SomaSignal Test (dSST).

Results: In addition to outperforming existing plasma biomarkers, the dSST predicted mid-life dementia risk over a 20-year follow-up across two independent cohorts with different ethnic backgrounds (areas under the curve [AUCs]: dSST 0.

Can hearing screening criteria at general health checkups be an indirect indicator of frailty and cognitive deficit in the older population? - with prevalence estimates based on updated World Health Organization hearing loss classification.

Aim: This study aimed to reestimate the prevalence of hearing loss based on the updated World Health Organization hearing loss classification and investigate whether existing hearing screening criteria could efficiently screen for frailty or cognitive deficit.

Methods: Data collected from community dwellers aged 40-91 years included 2325 samples. Health checkup hearing screening used were as follows: (A) 30 dB both at 1 and 4 kHz and (B) 30 dB at 1 kHz and 40 dB at 4 kHz were used.

Skin tactile perception is associated with longitudinal gait performance in middle-aged and older Japanese community dwellers.

Background: Skin tactile perception may indicate frailty in older adults. Although gait performance is crucial for diagnosing frailty, its association with skin tactile perception has not yet been explored.

Objectives: To examine the association between skin tactile perception and changes in step length, cadence, and gait speed in middle-aged and older adults.

Multi-trajectories of intrinsic capacity and their effect on higher-level functional capacity, life satisfaction, and self-esteem in community-dwelling older adults: the NILS-LSA.

Objectives: Variability in intrinsic capacity (IC) changes among community-dwelling older adults and their effect on health outcomes remain understudied. We examined the variability in IC trajectories and their impact on higher-level functional capacity (HLFC), life satisfaction, and self-esteem.

Design: Longitudinal study.

Enzyme structure correlates with variant effect predictability.

Protein engineering increasingly relies on machine learning models to computationally pre-screen promising novel candidates. Although machine learning approaches have proven effective, their performance on prospective screening data leaves room for improvement; prediction accuracy can vary greatly from one protein variant to the next. So far, it is unclear what characterizes variants that are associated with large prediction error.

Association of open skill exercise and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with brain volume changes among older community-dwelling Japanese individuals.

Considering that a multifactorial lifestyle approach may prove more effective than a single factor approach to improve or maintain brain health, we evaluated the association of exercise (open skill exercise [OSE] or closed skill exercise [CSE]) combined with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFAs) (docosahexaenoic acid [C22:6n-3, DHA], eicosapentaenoic acid [C20:5n-3, EPA], and arachidonic acid [C20:4n-6, ARA]) intake with brain atrophy among older Japanese individuals (n = 795, aged 60-88 years) without a self-reported history of dementia based on the datasets of a two-year longitudinal study. Brain volumes were measured using three-dimensional T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging for follow-up periods of two years. The associations between multivariate-adjusted changes in brain volumes and OSE or CSE frequency (≥ once/month and < once/month) along with LCPUFA intake (≥ median and < median) at the baseline were assessed using a general linear model.

Association between a combination of cognitively stimulating leisure activities and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on cognitive decline among community-dwelling older Japanese individuals.

Multifactorial lifestyle approaches could be more effective than a single factor for maintaining cognitive function. This study investigated the association of combining cognitively stimulating leisure activities (CSLAs), including puzzles, quizzes, and cognitive training games, with intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), on cognitive function in the older Japanese individuals without dementia. Participants were community-dwelling Japanese individuals without a self-reported history of dementia ( = 906, aged 60-88 years) from datasets of a 2-year longitudinal study (baseline: 2006-2008 and follow-up: 2008-2010).

The relationship between the dietary index based Meiji nutritional profiling system for adults and lifestyle-related diseases: a predictive validity study from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Background: Nutritional profiling system (NPS) holds promise as a public health tool for companies to measure product healthiness and for individuals in making healthier food choices. The Meiji NPS for adults specifically targets lifestyle-related diseases prevalent among Japan's adult population, including overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. This study examined the cross-sectional association between the Meiji NPS for adults Dietary Index (MNfA-DI) and indicators of lifestyle-related diseases in a population.

Association between milk consumption in middle age and frailty in later life: The Aichi Workers' cohort study.

Aim: Several studies have shown that dairy consumption in old age is effective in preventing frailty. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the association between milk consumption during middle age and the development of frailty in old age. Therefore, we carried out an investigation to explore the association between milk consumption during middle age and development of frailty examined after over 15 years of follow up in a long-term cohort study in Japan.

Associations between information and communication technology use and frailty in community-dwelling old-old adults: results from the ILSA-J.

Objectives: Frailty is a significant cause of adverse health events including long-term care and hospitalization. Although information and communication technology (ICT) has become an integral part of modern life, it remains unclear whether ICT use is associated with frailty.

Design: A cross-sectional study (Integrated Longitudinal Studies on Aging in Japan, ILSA-J).

Japan-Multimodal Intervention Trial for the Prevention of Dementia: A randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: We examined the efficacy of a multidomain intervention in preventing cognitive decline among Japanese older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: Participants aged 65-85 years with MCI were randomized into intervention (management of vascular risk factors, exercise, nutritional counseling, and cognitive training) and control groups. The primary outcome was changes in the cognitive composite score over a period of 18 months.

Association of taurine intake with changes in physical fitness among community-dwelling middle-aged and older Japanese adults: an 8-year longitudinal study.

Introduction: Taurine has diverse valuable biological functions, including antioxidant activity and regulation of osmotic pressure. Maintaining physical fitness from middle age is important for healthy life expectancy. Although taurine administration improves muscle endurance and strength, its role in maintenance remains unclear.

Identification of Potential Blood-Based Biomarkers for Frailty by Using an Integrative Approach.

Introduction: Although frailty is a geriatric syndrome that is associated with disability, hospitalization, and mortality, it can be reversible and preventable with the appropriate interventions. Additionally, as the current diagnostic criteria for frailty include only physical, psychological, cognitive, and social measurements, there is a need for promising blood-based molecular biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of frailty.

Methods: To identify candidate blood-based biomarkers that can enhance current diagnosis of frailty, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of clinical data, messenger RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), and aging-related factors using a total of 104 older adults aged 65-90 years (61 frail subjects and 43 robust subjects) in a cross-sectional case-control study.

Associations of dietary patterns and longitudinal brain-volume change in Japanese community-dwelling adults: results from the national institute for longevity sciences-longitudinal study of aging.

Background: The association of dietary patterns and longitudinal changes in brain volume has rarely been investigated in Japanese individuals. We prospectively investigated this association in middle-aged and older Japanese community-dwelling adults.

Methods: Data with a 2-year follow-up from the sixth wave (July 2008 to July 2010; baseline) to the seventh (July 2010 to July 2012; follow-up) of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging project were analyzed.

Higher-level competence: Results from the Integrated Longitudinal Studies on Aging in Japan (ILSA-J) on the shape of associations with impaired physical and cognitive functions.

Aim: This study aimed to examine the relationships between levels of competence and impaired physical and cognitive functions in older adults.

Methods: We used a data set of the Integrated Longitudinal Studies on Aging in Japan for 2017 including 5475 community-dwelling older adults. Levels of competence were assessed using the Japan Science and Technology Agency Index of Competence (JST-IC).

Develop and Validate a Prognostic Index With Laboratory Tests to Predict Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Adults Using Machine Learning Models: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Prognostic indices can enhance personalized predictions of health burdens. However, a simple, practical, and reproducible tool is lacking for clinical use. This study aimed to develop a machine learning-based prognostic index for predicting all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older individuals.