Shared genetic components between metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia: Genetic correlation using multipopulation data sets.

Aim: The genetic relationship between schizophrenia (SCZ) and other nonpsychiatric disorders remains largely unknown. We examined the shared genetic components between these disorders based on multipopulation data sets.

Methods: We used two data sets for East Asian (EAS) and European (EUR) samples.

Cost effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided clozapine administration based on risk of HLA variants in Japan and the UK.

Pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics have enabled the detection of risk of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia (CIAG). To apply this evidence to the clinical setting, we compared the cost-effectiveness of the proposed "HLA-guided treatment schedule" and the "current schedule" being used in Japan and the United Kingdom (UK) (absolute neutrophil count (ANC) cutoff at 1500/mm); in the "HLA-guided treatment schedules," we considered a situation wherein the HLA test performed before clozapine initiation could provide "a priori information" by detecting patients harboring risk of HLA variants (HLA-B*59:01 and "HLA-B 158T/HLA-DQB1 126Q" for Japanese and Caucasian populations, respectively), a part of whom can then avoid CIAG onset (assumed 30% "prevention rate"). For the primary analysis, we estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of "HLA-guided treatment schedule" and "current schedule" used in Japan and the UK, using a Markov model to calculate the cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 10-year time period.