Effectiveness of CPR in Hypogravity Conditions-A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as a form of basic life support, is critical for maintaining cardiac and cerebral perfusion during cardiac arrest, a medical condition with high expected mortality. Current guidelines emphasize the importance of rapid recognition and prompt initiation of high-quality CPR, including appropriate cardiac compression depth and rate. As space agencies plan missions to the Moon or even to explore Mars, the duration of missions will increase and with it the chance of life-threatening conditions requiring CPR.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during spaceflight - a guideline for CPR in microgravity from the German Society of Aerospace Medicine (DGLRM) and the European Society of Aerospace Medicine Space Medicine Group (ESAM-SMG).

Background: With the "Artemis"-mission mankind will return to the Moon by 2024. Prolonged periods in space will not only present physical and psychological challenges to the astronauts, but also pose risks concerning the medical treatment capabilities of the crew. So far, no guideline exists for the treatment of severe medical emergencies in microgravity.

Recurrent Pneumothorax in a Critically Ill Ventilated COVID-19 Patient.

We present this case of a young woman with SARS-CoV-2 viral infection resulting in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) lung disease complicated by a complex hydropneumothorax, recurrent pneumothorax, and pneumatoceles. A 33-year-old woman presented to the hospital with a one-week history of cough, shortness of breath, and myalgia, with no other significant past medical history. She tested positive for COVID-19 and subsequently, her respiratory function rapidly deteriorated, necessitating endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.

A new method for the performance of external chest compressions during hypogravity simulation.

Introduction: 2015 UK resuscitation guidelines aim for 50-60 mm depth when giving external chest compressions (ECCs). This is achievable in hypogravity if the rescuer flexes and extends their arms during CPR, or using a new method trialed; the 'Mackaill-Russomano' (MR CPR) method.

Methods: 10 participants performed 3 sets of 30 ECCs in accordance with 2015 guidelines.

Bilateral ureteric stones: an unusual cause of acute kidney injury.

A 49-year-old man presented to the accident and emergency department, with a short history of vague abdominal pain, abdominal distension and two episodes of frank haematuria. A plain chest film showed dilated loops of large bowel and blood results on admission showed an acute kidney injury (stage 3). A diagnosis of bowel obstruction was made initially but a CT scan of the abdomen showed bilateral obstructing calculi.

Three methods of manual external chest compressions during microgravity simulation.

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in microgravity is challenging. There are three single-person CPR techniques that can be performed in microgravity: the Evetts-Russomano (ER), Handstand (HS), and Reverse Bear Hug (RBH). All three methods have been evaluated in parabolic flights, but only the ER method has been shown to be effective in prolonged microgravity simulation.

The evaluation of upper body muscle activity during the performance of external chest compressions in simulated hypogravity.

Background: This original study evaluated the electromyograph (EMG) activity of four upper body muscles: triceps brachii, erector spinae, upper rectus abdominis, and pectoralis major, while external chest compressions (ECCs) were performed in simulated Martian hypogravity using a Body Suspension Device, counterweight system, and standard full body cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mannequin.

Method: 20 young, healthy male subjects were recruited. One hundred compressions divided into four sets, with roughly six seconds between each set to indicate 'ventilation', were performed within approximately a 1.

A comparison between the 2010 and 2005 basic life support guidelines during simulated hypogravity and microgravity.

Background: Current 2010 terrestrial (1Gz) CPR guidelines have been advocated by space agencies for hypogravity and microgravity environments, but may not be feasible. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate rescuer performance over 1.5 min of external chest compressions (ECCs) during simulated Martian hypogravity (0.

Evaluation of a novel basic life support method in simulated microgravity.

Background: If a cardiac arrest occurs in microgravity, current emergency protocols aim to treat patients via a medical restraint system within 2-4 min. It is vital that crewmembers have the ability to perform single-person cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during this period, allowing time for advanced life support to be deployed. The efficacy of the Evetts-Russomano (ER) method has been tested in 22 s of microgravity in a parabolic flight and has shown that external chest compressions (ECC) and mouth-to-mouth ventilation are possible.

Neonatal hip instability: a prospective comparison of clinical examination and anterior dynamic ultrasound.

Background: Ultrasound is increasingly being used to complement the clinical examination in assessing neonatal hip instability. The clinical examination, although highly sensitive in detecting hip instability, can lead to considerable overtreatment.

Purpose: To compare anterior dynamic ultrasound and clinical examination in the assessment of neonatal hip instability and regarding treatment rates.

Anterior dynamic ultrasound and Graf's examination in neonatal hip instability.

Background: Discrepancy between neonatal hip morphology and stability has been reported in the literature. Comparative ultrasound studies on this issue are limited.

Purpose: To compare neonatal hip instability, as assessed by dynamic ultrasound and clinical examination, with acetabular morphology, as assessed by Graf's method.

Effects of coronary artery bypass related conduction defects: a 10-year follow-up study.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the long-term prognostic significance of new permanent conduction defects (CDs) related to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and to assess predisposing factors for increased mortality after CABG.

Design: One hundred and eighty patients who underwent an elective CABG without any evidence of preoperative CDs were followed on average for 9.6 years.

External fixation of displaced femoral shaft fractures in children: a consecutive study of 98 fractures.

Objective: To evaluate unilateral external fixation when applied as the standard treatment of children with displaced femoral shaft fractures.

Setting: Two county hospitals in central Sweden.

Design: A consecutive and prospective study including all children aged 3 to 15 years with displaced femoral fractures admitted to either of the two hospitals.

MRI multiplanar reconstruction in the assessment of congenital talipes equinovarus.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be a useful tool in the evaluation of the complex deformities which are present in congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot).

Objective: To evaluate MRI with the multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) technique as a new method for assessment of clubfoot.

Materials And Methods: Seven infants with 11 clubfeet were studied by using three-dimensional gradient-echo MR sequences.

Reliability of radiological measurements of the distraction gap during leg lengthening.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of length measurements on plain radiographs during leg lengthening and to evaluate a reliable method of measuring the amount of lengthening suitable for clinical praxis.

Material And Methods: In an experimental study, a plastic femur was lengthened 40 mm and assessed radiographically in different positions, and the orthoradiographically calculated total length of the femur was compared with the true value. In a clinical study, 96 radiographs encompassing 14 femoral and 2 tibial lengthenings were assessed on a digitized table with a computer program (PROFILE) with regard to the amount of lengthening and the degree of magnification.

Procaine and timing of aortic declamping affect ventricular reperfusion fibrillation.

Both ventricular fibrillation and electric defibrillation are detrimental to the myocardium. Therefore, we studied the effect of procaine hydrochloride during crystalloid cardioplegia and the effect of performing all central anastomoses before aortic declamping in an attempt to prevent ventricular reperfusion fibrillation during coronary bypass operation. Seventy-four patients were randomised, first to receive procaine hydrochloride or saline during cardioplegia, and secondly, to have central anastomoses performed before and after aortic declamping.

Low myocardial temperatures are associated with postoperative conduction defects after coronary artery bypass surgery.

The incidence and significance of postoperative conduction defects after coronary artery bypass surgery were investigated prospectively in 181 patients. Several pre- and perioperative variables, especially the temperature in three regions of the myocardium, were recorded as explanatory variables. The incidence of conduction defect(s) in the immediate postoperative electrocardiogram (ECG) was 55.

Prophylaxis with oral cefadroxil versus intravenous cefuroxime in trochanteric fracture surgery. A clinical multicentre study.

A prospective, randomized study was performed in 559 patients to compare two doses of oral cefadroxil with three doses of intravenous cefuorxime as antibiotic prophylaxis in intra- and subtrochanteric hip fracture surgery. Antibiotic concentrations in the wound fluid were determined at the start and at the end of the operation. The first dose of cefadroxil was given about 2 h before surgery and cefuroxime about 30 min before operation.

Limb lengthening by callus distraction. Complications in 53 cases operated 1980-1991.

We reviewed our first 53 lengthenings performed in 45 patients with an average age of 19 years at the time of lengthening. The shortening was congenital in 16 patients, post-traumatic in 15 and had various causes in the 14 remaining. 31 femurs and 22 tibias with an average shortening of 6 and 5 cm, respectively, were lengthened 6 (2-14) cm.

Back pain and arthralgia before and after lengthening. 75 patients questioned after 6 (1-11) years.

We performed 100 lengthenings of the lower extremities in 85 patients from 1980 to 1991, using three different surgical techniques. 6 (1-11) years after lengthening 75 of these patients with a preoperative leg length inequality of 6 (3-14) cm were clinically and radiographically assessed, and replied to a questionnaire on pre- and postoperative complaints of low back pain and pain from the joints of the lower extremities. Patients 15 years of age or younger at surgery had few complaints.

Magnetic resonance imaging not indicated in healed Perthes' disease. Comparison with radiography in 10 cases.

We examined 10 patients with unilateral healed Perthes' disease with plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mean time between the onset of symptoms and follow-up was 8 (4-10) years. The MRI scans did not contribute more information than the plain radiographs.

Treatment of subtrochanteric fractures with the AO dynamic condylar screw.

The AO/ASIF dynamic condylar screw (DCS) was used for the operative treatment of 15 patients, nine women and six men, with subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. The mean age was 70 years (range 20-95 years). The patients were followed for 18 to 30 months.