EMS: Efficient Monitoring System to Detect Non-Cooperative Nodes in IoT-Based Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks (VDTNs).

Since several Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been widely deployed on unstable wireless networks, such as the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), data communication efficiency in DTN remains a challenge for IoT applications. Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN) has become one of DTN's potential applications, in which the network experiences connectivity interruption due to the lack of an end-to-end relay route. VDTNs focus on node cooperation to achieve this goal.

Molecular genetic analysis reveals a novel B variant allele at the ABO locus.

Background: When discrepancies in ABO blood typing emerge, ABO subgroups should be considered. Serological procedures such as the adsorption-elution test, the salivary ABH inhibition test, and the antiA1 (lectin) saline technique might be employed. These serological approaches, however in rare blood types are difficult to understand.

Academic use of social networking sites in learners' engagement in underdeveloped countries' schools.

Students' engagement has been a hot topic since the origin of teaching and learning; and is developing rapidly with time and technology. With the recent advances in Information and Communication Technology (e.g, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and 5G), it is a need of the hour to revive its smart use in academia.

Facile synthesis of GO and g-CN nanosheets encapsulated magnetite ternary nanocomposite for superior photocatalytic degradation of phenol.

In this study, the synthesis of FeO@GO@g-CN ternary nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of phenol has been investigated. The surface modification of FeO was performed through layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition meanwhile the heterojunction structure of ternary nanocomposite was obtained through sonicated assisted hydrothermal method. The photocatalysts were characterized for their crystallinity, surface morphology, chemical functionalities, and band gap energy.

Type-I Tympanoplasty By Underlay Technique - Factors Affecting Outcome.

Background: Type-I Tympanoplasty is an operation which is widely done to close a persistent tympanic membrane perforation after clearing the disease from the middle ear. It is very safe and effective procedure. The success rate varies in different setups and there are some confounding factors which affect the result of Type-I tympanoplasty like the size, type and location of perforation.

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury In Total Versus Subtotal Thyroidectomy.

Background: Both Total and Subtotal Thyroidectomy are correct treatment options for symptomatic Euthyroid Multinodular Goitre. The choice depends upon surgeon's preference due to consideration of disadvantages like permanent hypothyroidism in Total Thyroidectomy and high chances of recurrence in Subtotal Thyroidectomy. Many surgeons believe that there is a higher incidence of Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury in Total Thyroidectomy which affects their choice of surgery.

Prevalence of Diabetes Type 2 in Hepatitis C Infected Patients in Kpk, Pakistan.

Hepatitis C (HCV) and diabetes mellitus are the two main health concerns that cause devastating health and financial worries worldwide. It has been observed in the past that both diseases have a high correlation that might be due to the abnormal conditions of the liver. But the mechanism of the prevalence of diabetes in patients with chronic HCV infection still remains unclear.

Complications of nose and paranasal sinus disease.

Background: Diseases of nose and paranasal sinuses can complicate to involve the orbit and other surrounding structures because of their close proximity. These diseases are usually infective or can be neoplastic in origin.

Method: All the patients presenting in ENT or Eye Departments of Ayub Teaching Hospital during the one year study period who had complicated nose or paranasal sinus disease were included in the study.

Correlation of operative findings with pre-operative clinical signs and analysis of x-rays in patients with airway foreign bodies.

Background: Foreign body aspiration is one of the commonly encountered emergencies in ENT and still it remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. However with the development of modern endoscopic techniques and controlled anaesthesia, most foreign bodies can be removed safely with a bronchoscope.

Methods: This study was carried out at Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad from 1st Jan 2003 to 30th June 2005.

Evaluation of safety of bipolar diathermy tonsillectomy.

Background: Tonsillectomy is a common operation in both children as well as adults, performed by a variety of techniques that have evolved over the years to ensure the safety of the procedure. Cold dissection and electrodissection are the two mostly used techniques. Bipolar diathermy tonsillectomy was evaluated for its safety and postoperative morbidity.

Evaluation of efficacy of management protocol in allergic rhinitis.

Background: Allergic rhinitis represents a global health issue affecting between 10% to 25% of the world population, with increasing prevalence, resulting in a significant impact on quality of life, multiple comorbidities and the considerable socio-economic burden. Majority of the patients are younger than 30 years and it may be inherited. Symptoms typically occur as a result of exposure to dust, dander or certain seasonal pollen.

Foreign body inhalation--site of impaction and efficacy of rigid bronchoscopy.

Background: Foreign body inhalation is a relatively commonly encountered emergency in otolaryngology. Foreign body can get lodged at any site from the supraglottis to the terminal bronchioles. Rigid bronchoscopy is one of the well established methods of removing inhaled foreign body with fewer complications.

Significance and cost effectiveness of pre-operative routine laboratory investigations in young healthy patients undergoing elective ear, nose & throat surgery.

Background: Pre-operative preparation is an important component of surgical workup. Adequate clinical assessment to determine fitness for anaesthesia and surgery and to outrule possibilities of existing disease or risk factors against the procedure would suffice in elective surgery on healthy young patients. Still routine investigations are carried out following a protocol, that does not offer added benefit and is not cost effective.

Analysis of tracheobronchial foreign bodies with respect to sex, age, type and presentation.

Background: Foreign body inhalation is one of the life threatening emergencies. It may happen at any age, however, most of these accidents occur in children especially below the age of five.

Methods: This prospective study was done at Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from 1 January 2003 to 30 June 2005.

Management outcome of secretory otitis media.

Background: Secretory otitis media is a common otological manifestation, that most of the time is left undiagnosed on account of unawarenes s and negligence in seeking early medical attention for trivial ailments. Untreated, it might end up in serious consequences in the form of poor speech and intellectual development and permanent anatomical disabilities within middle ear cleft. The objectives of the study were to determine most affected age group, the common etiological factors.

Lemierre's syndrome: a forgotten complication of oropharyngeal infection.

Background: Lemierre's syndrome (postanginal sepsis) usually complicates an oropharyngeal infection as septicemia, septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein, and metastatic lesions, most frequently in the lungs. Fusobacterium necrophorum is the usual etiologic agent. Lemierre's syndrome is not widely known by clinicians.

Frequency of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage following tonsillectomy with bipolar diathermy--an experience at Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad.

Background: Tonsillectomy remains one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the world. Various techniques have evolved over the years. One of the most significant complications is postoperative hemorrhage.

A critical analysis of the management protocols for idiopathic sudden sensori-neural hearing loss.

Background: Sudden sensori-neural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a clinical dilemma with great diversity in presentation and poorly understood pathogenesis and hence no definitive treatment protocol as yet. Both sexes are affected, middle age to elderly being the commonest age group. A variety of causes have been implicated as responsible for this condition, but most of the times it is difficult to isolate one, and hence most of the times a battery of investigations proves to be a clinical exercise.