COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in fragile and conflict-affected settings, Somalia.

Problem: By 31 December 2021, only 5.5% (861 879/15 670 530) of the Somali population had been fully vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Approach: To rapidly increase COVID-19 vaccine coverage in 2022, the health ministry and its partners (World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund) adopted a more responsive strategy.

A review of hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan.

A review of published literature on viral hepatitis infections in Pakistan is presented. A total of 220 abstracts available in the Pakmedinet and Medline have been searched. All relevant articles were reviewed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan.

Etiology of a suspected measles outbreak: preceding measles reduction activities in Pakistan.

Objective: To characterize patients with suspected measles, determine the magnitude of the outbreak in selected areas, and perform laboratory testing on patients with suspected measles to confirm the etiology of the outbreak.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Place And Duration Of Study: Islamabad and Rawalpindi in June 2006.

Digitally balanced detection for optical tomography.

Analog balanced Photodetection has found extensive usage for sensing of a weak absorption signal buried in laser intensity noise. This paper proposes schemes for compact, affordable, and flexible digital implementation of the already established analog balanced detection, as part of a multichannel digital tomography system. Variants of digitally balanced detection (DBD) schemes, suitable for weak signals on a largely varying background or weakly varying envelopes of high frequency carrier waves, are introduced analytically and elaborated in terms of algorithmic and hardware flow.

Incremental cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization activities to prevent neonatal tetanus in Pakistan.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization activities to prevent neonatal tetanus in the Loralai district of Pakistan. The supplemental immunization activities were carried out in two phases during 2001-03.

Methods: A state-transition model was used to estimate the effect of routine vaccination with tetanus toxoid as well as vaccination with tetanus toxoid during supplementary immunization activities.