Astrocytic Ephrin-B1 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination.

Astrocytes have been implicated in oligodendrocyte development and myelination, however, the mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate oligodendrocytes remain unclear. Our findings suggest a new mechanism that regulates astrocyte-mediated oligodendrocyte development through ephrin-B1 signaling in astrocytes. Using a mouse model, we examined the role of astrocytic ephrin-B1 signaling in oligodendrocyte development by deleting ephrin-B1 specifically in astrocytes during the postnatal days (P)14-P28 period and used mRNA analysis, immunohistochemistry, and mouse behaviors to study its effects on oligodendrocytes and myelination.

The Mediating Role of Problematic Alcohol Consumption on the Association Between Pandemic-Related Strains and Domestic Violence Across Six Countries.

Research has documented that domestic violence increased worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies have also suggested that alcohol use, which also increased during COVID-19, is a risk factor for domestic violence victimization. However, research has yet to examine whether alcohol consumption mediated the relationship between pandemic-related stressful events and domestic violence.

Neural activity ramps in frontal cortex signal extended motivation during learning.

Learning requires the ability to link actions to outcomes. How motivation facilitates learning is not well understood. We designed a behavioral task in which mice self-initiate trials to learn cue-reward contingencies and found that the anterior cingulate region of the prefrontal cortex (ACC) contains motivation-related signals to maximize rewards.

Effect of Arabinogalactans on Induction of White-Opaque Somatic Embryos of Avocado ( Mill.) cv. Duke-7.

The development of somatic embryogenesis in avocado ( Mill.) has been hampered by different chronic problems. One such problem is the low level of induction of white-opaque somatic embryos (WOSEs) during the process of obtaining full avocado plants.

Neural activity ramps in frontal cortex signal extended motivation during learning.

Learning requires the ability to link actions to outcomes. How motivation facilitates learning is not well understood. We designed a behavioral task in which mice self-initiate trials to learn cue-reward contingencies and found that the anterior cingulate region of the prefrontal cortex (ACC) contains motivation-related signals to maximize rewards.

Anteromedial thalamus gates the selection and stabilization of long-term memories.

Memories initially formed in hippocampus gradually stabilize to cortex over weeks-to-months for long-term storage. The mechanistic details of this brain re-organization remain poorly understood. We recorded bulk neural activity in circuits that link hippocampus and cortex as mice performed a memory-guided virtual-reality task over weeks.

Anteromedial Thalamus Gates the Selection & Stabilization of Long-Term Memories.

Memories initially formed in hippocampus gradually stabilize to cortex, over weeks-to-months, for long-term storage. The mechanistic details of this brain re-organization process remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed a virtual-reality based behavioral task and observed neural activity patterns associated with memory reorganization and stabilization over weeks-long timescales.

Impact of polyploidy on plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Polyploidy, defined as the coexistence of three or more complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, is considered as a pivotal moving force in the evolutionary history of vascular plants and has played a major role in the domestication of several crops. In the last decades, improved cultivars of economically important species have been developed artificially by inducing autopolyploidy with chemical agents. Studies on diverse species have shown that the anatomical and physiological changes generated by either natural or artificial polyploidization can increase tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses as well as disease resistance, which may positively impact on plant growth and net production.

Financial social protection and individual out-of-pocket costs of long-term care in the USA and Europe: An observational study.

Background: Empirical evidence informing policies aiming at ensuring affordability of long-term care (LTC) costs is limited. Combining system-level with individual-level data, we quantify the burden of out-of-pocket costs of LTC services on households in 13 European countries and the USA and explore how social protection systems impact affordability of care.

Methods: In this observational study, we use harmonised data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), collected between 2012 and 2016, and from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, collected between 2013 and 2017.

Crime and deviance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the world and inevitably influenced people's behaviors including the likelihood of crime and deviance. Emerging empirical evidence suggests a decline in certain crimes (e.g.

Antibiotic Isoflavonoids, Anthraquinones, and Pterocarpanoids from Pigeon Pea ( L.) Seeds against Multidrug-Resistant .

L. (pigeon pea, locally known in the Philippines as kadios) seed is a functional food with health benefits that extend beyond their nutritional value. seeds contain highly diverse secondary metabolites with enriched beneficial properties, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities.

Quantitative Off-Target Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus-Derived DNA in Routine Molecular Profiling of Hematopoietic Neoplasms by Panel-Based Hybrid-Capture Next-Generation Sequencing.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with hematologic and solid tumors. We utilized a hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform targeting 400 genes associated with hematological malignancies to detect and quantify nontargeted viral-derived EBV reads that aligned to the EBV reference contig (NC_007605). We evaluated 5234 samples from 3636 unique patients with hematological neoplasms and found that 100 samples (1.

Clinical and Immunological Factors That Distinguish COVID-19 From Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1).

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a global health threat with the potential to cause severe disease manifestations in the lungs. Although COVID-19 has been extensively characterized clinically, the factors distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses are unknown. Here, we compared the clinical, histopathological, and immunological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and pandemic influenza A(H1N1).

Involvement of ethylene receptors in the salt tolerance response of Cucurbita pepo.

Abiotic stresses have a negative effect on crop production, affecting both vegetative and reproductive development. Ethylene plays a relevant role in plant response to environmental stresses, but the specific contribution of ethylene biosynthesis and signalling components in the salt stress response differs between Arabidopsis and rice, the two most studied model plants. In this paper, we study the effect of three gain-of-function mutations affecting the ethylene receptors CpETR1B, CpETR1A, and CpETR2B of Cucurbita pepo on salt stress response during germination, seedling establishment, and subsequent vegetative growth of plants.

CRISPR-finder: A high throughput and cost-effective method to identify successfully edited individuals.

Genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein) system allows mutagenesis of a targeted region of the genome using a Cas endonuclease and an artificial guide RNA. Both because of variable efficiency with which such mutations arise and because the repair process produces a spectrum of mutations, one needs to ascertain the genome sequence at the targeted locus for many individuals that have been subjected to mutagenesis. We provide a complete protocol for the generation of amplicons up until the identification of the exact mutations in the targeted region.

Combining whole-genome shotgun sequencing and rRNA gene amplicon analyses to improve detection of microbe-microbe interaction networks in plant leaves.

Microorganisms from all domains of life establish associations with plants. Although some harm the plant, others antagonize pathogens or prime the plant immune system, support the acquisition of nutrients, tune plant hormone levels, or perform additional services. Most culture-independent plant microbiome research has focused on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and/or the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rRNA genomic loci, which show the relative abundance of the microbes to each other.

GABARα2 is Decreased in the Axon Initial Segment of Pyramidal Cells in Specific Areas of the Prefrontal Cortex in Autism.

Some forms of Autism Spectrum Disorder, a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by impaired communication and social skills as well as repetitive behaviors, are purportedly associated with dysregulation of the excitation/inhibition balance in the cerebral cortex. Through human postmortem tissue analysis, we previously found a significant decrease in the number of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneuron subtype, the chandelier (Ch) cell, in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with autism. Ch cells exclusively target the axon initial segment (AIS) of excitatory pyramidal (Pyr) neurons, and a single Ch cell forms synapses on hundreds of Pyr cells, indicating a possible role in maintaining electrical balance.

A Rare Case of Pericardial Decompression Syndrome in a Filipino Female Patient With Suspected Malignant Pericardial Effusion.

Pericardial decompression syndrome (PDS) is a rare, under-reported and potentially fatal complication of pericardial drainage characterized by paradoxical hemodynamic deterioration. The onset ranges from immediate to as long as 48 h post drainage. We present a case of a 51-year-old woman admitted due to progressive dyspnea.

A unique immune signature of serum cytokine and chemokine dynamics in patients with Zika virus infection from a tropical region in Southern Mexico.

Objectives: To describe the kinetics of circulating cytokines and chemokines in humans with ZIKAV infection.

Methods: Serum levels of different immune mediators in patients with ZIKAV infection were measured at distinct stages of the disease, as well as in culture supernatants from human monocytes infected with a clinical ZIKAV isolate. We also looked for clinical features associated with specific immune signatures among symptomatic patients.

Multiple modes of convergent adaptation in the spread of glyphosate-resistant .

The selection pressure exerted by herbicides has led to the repeated evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. The evolution of herbicide resistance on contemporary timescales in turn provides an outstanding opportunity to investigate key questions about the genetics of adaptation, in particular the relative importance of adaptation from new mutations, standing genetic variation, or geographic spread of adaptive alleles through gene flow. Glyphosate-resistant poses one of the most significant threats to crop yields in the Midwestern United States, with both agricultural populations and herbicide resistance only recently emerging in Canada.

High performance of rapid influenza diagnostic test and variable effectiveness of influenza vaccines in Mexico.

Objectives: To evaluate the performance of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDT) and influenza vaccines' effectiveness (VE) during an outbreak setting.

Methods: We compared the performance of a RIDT with RT-PCR for influenza virus detection in influenza-like illness (ILI) patients enrolled during the 2016/17 season in Mexico City. Using the test-negative design, we estimated influenza VE in all participants and stratified by age, virus subtype, and vaccine type (trivalent vs quadrivalent inactivated vaccines).

Psychological intervention at a primary health care center: predictors of success.

Background: Few studies in Portugal have attempted to assess the impact of psychological interventions in primary health care regarding the problems shared by clients, and which variables predicted the success of this intervention. The current study, therefore, aimed to identify predictors of success related to psychological intervention in a single primary health care center in the north of Portugal.

Method: This was a retrospective study from secondary data, using the data from 1024 clients who attended the psychological consultation at a primary health care center over a period of 8 years.

Bands of brothers and in-laws: Waorani warfare, marriage and alliance formation.

The root of modern human warfare lies in the lethal coalitionary violence of males in small-scale societies. However, there is a paucity of quantitative data concerning the form and function of coalitionary violence in this setting. Debates exist over how lethal coalitions are constituted, as well as the motivations and benefits for males to join such groups.

Arabidopsis thaliana and Pseudomonas Pathogens Exhibit Stable Associations over Evolutionary Timescales.

Crop disease outbreaks are often associated with clonal expansions of single pathogenic lineages. To determine whether similar boom-and-bust scenarios hold for wild pathosystems, we carried out a multi-year, multi-site survey of Pseudomonas in its natural host Arabidopsis thaliana. The most common Pseudomonas lineage corresponded to a ubiquitous pathogenic clade.