in African Wildlife: A Systematic Review.

() is a protozoan parasite, which infects a wide variety of mammals and bird species globally. In large parts of the world, this parasite is relatively well documented in wildlife species, however, this topic is poorly documented in Africa. The current review systematically explores the presence and distribution of in African wildlife species through a key word search in PubMed, Web of Science and CAB Direct.

Cigarette smoke condensate attenuates phorbol ester-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation.

Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) constitute a network of chromatin fibres containing histone and antimicrobial peptides that are released by activated neutrophils. NETs protect the host against infection by trapping and facilitating phagocytosis of potentially harmful pathogens.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on phorbol-ester (PMA)-mediated NETosis in vitro.