CCK-8 and CCK-58 differ in their effects on nocturnal solid meal pattern in undisturbed rats.

Various molecular forms of CCK reduce food intake in rats. Although CCK-8 is the most studied form, we reported that CCK-58 is the only detectable endocrine peptide form in rats. We investigated the dark-phase rat chow intake pattern following injection of CCK-8 and CCK-58.

Fourier transform infrared imaging of femoral neck bone: reduced heterogeneity of mineral-to-matrix and carbonate-to-phosphate and more variable crystallinity in treatment-naive fracture cases compared with fracture-free controls.

After the age of 60 years, hip fracture risk strongly increases, but only a fifth of this increase is attributable to reduced bone mineral density (BMD, measured clinically). Changes in bone quality, specifically bone composition as measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIRI), also contribute to fracture risk. Here, FTIRI was applied to study the femoral neck and provide spatially derived information on its mineral and matrix properties in age-matched fractured and nonfractured bones.

Estimation of the diffusion rate and crossing probability for biased edge movement between two different types of habitat.

One of the fundamental goals of ecology is to examine how dispersal affects the distribution and dynamics of insects across natural landscapes. These landscapes are frequently divided into patches of habitat embedded in a matrix of several non-habitat regions, and dispersal behavior could vary within each landscape element as well as the edges between elements. Reaction-diffusion models are a common way of modeling dispersal and species interactions in such landscapes, but to apply these models we also need methods of estimating the diffusion rate and any edge behavior parameters.

Ancestral state reconstruction for Dendroctonus bark beetles: evolution of a tree killer.

While most bark beetles attack only dead or weakened trees, many species in the genus Dendroctonus have the ability to kill healthy conifers through mass attack of the host tree, and can exhibit devastating outbreaks. Other species in this group are able to successfully colonize trees in small numbers without killing the host. We reconstruct the evolution of these ecological and life history traits, first classifying the extant Dendroctonus species by attack type (mass or few), outbreaks (yes or no), host genus (Pinus and others), location of attacks on the tree (bole, base, etc.

Experimentally based, longitudinally designed, teacher-focused intervention to help physical education teachers be more autonomy supportive toward their students.

Using the field's state-of-the-art knowledge, we designed, implemented, and assessed the effectiveness of an intervention to help physical education (PE) teachers be more autonomy supportive during instruction. Nineteen secondary-school PE teachers in Seoul were randomly assigned into either an experimental or a delayed-treatment control group, and their 1,158 students self-reported their course-related psychological need satisfaction, autonomous motivation, amotivation, classroom engagement, skill development, future intentions, and academic achievement at the beginning, middle, and end of the semester. Observers' ratings and students' self-reports confirmed that the intervention was successful.

What we talk about when we talk about depression: doctor-patient conversations and treatment decision outcomes.

Background: Efforts to address depression in primary care settings have focused on the introduction of care guidelines emphasising pharmacological treatment. To date, physician adherence remains low. Little is known of the types of information exchange or other negotiations in doctor-patient consultations about depression that influence physician decision making about treatment.

Factors associated with mutans streptococci among young WIC-enrolled children.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess relationships between the presence or absence of mutans streptococci (MS) and other covariates in children aged 12-49 months.

Methods: Data were analyzed using baseline information from 411 children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) who participated in a psychoeducational study in Iowa. Children were assessed for MS using a semiquantitative method (RODAC plates).

Self-determined, but not non-self-determined, motivation predicts activations in the anterior insular cortex: an fMRI study of personal agency.

Neuroscientific studies on agency focus rather exclusively on the notion of who initiates and regulates actions, not on the notion of why the person does. The present study focused on the latter to investigate two different reasons underlying personal agency. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we scanned 16 healthy human subjects while they imagined the enactment of volitional, agentic behavior on the same task but either for a self-determined and intrinsically motivated reason or for a non-self-determined and extrinsically motivated reason.

Osteocyte recruitment declines as the osteon fills in: interacting effects of osteocytic sclerostin and previous hip fracture on the size of cortical canals in the femoral neck.

There is little information on the distribution of osteocytes within the individual cortical osteon, but using direct 3-D imaging in a single subject, Hannah et al. found a gradient with a two-fold higher density of cells adjacent to the cement line compared to near the canal. Since a limiting factor for bone formation might be the availability of osteoblasts due to their recruitment as osteocytes, we studied distributions of osteonal osteocytes in frozen sections of the femoral neck cortex.

Molecular phenotypes of acute kidney injury in kidney transplants.

Little is known regarding the molecular phenotype of kidneys with AKI because biopsies are performed infrequently. However, all kidney transplants experience acute injury, making early kidney transplants an excellent model of acute injury, provided the absence of rejection, because donor kidneys should not have CKD, post-transplant biopsies occur relatively frequently, and follow-up is excellent typically. Here, we used histopathology and microarrays to compare indication biopsies from 26 transplants with acute injury with 11 pristine protocol biopsies of stable transplants.

Uptake of pulmonary rehabilitation in New Zealand by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2009.

Aims: To estimate of uptake of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in New Zealand in 2009.

Method: A postal survey sent to all District Health Boards (DHBs), Primary Health Organisations (PHOs), and other non-government organisations (NGOs) identified as providers of PR. The survey requested information on the characteristics of PR programmes, estimates of the total number of people with COPD who were offered PR, entered PR, and completed PR in 2009.

Genetic heterogeneity in a cyclical forest pest, the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, is differentiated into east and west groups in the southeastern United States.

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an economically important pest species throughout the southeastern United States, Arizona, Mexico, and Central America. Previous research identified population structure among widely distant locations, yet failed to detect population structure among national forests in the state of Mississippi. This study uses microsatellite variation throughout the southeastern United States to compare the southern pine beetle's pattern of population structure to phylogeographic patterns in the region, and to provide information about dispersal.

The effect of microwave treatment on animal fodder.

Preliminary research has suggested that in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) of some poor quality animal fodder materials can be improved by microwave treatment. Laboratory scale experiments revealed that dry matter percentage of Lucerne hay increased by 1.7% as microwave treatment time increased from 0 to 80 seconds.

Can Alcohol Intake from Mouthwash be Measured in Epidemiological Studies? Development and Validation of Mouthwash Use Questionnaire with Particular Attention to Measuring Alcohol Intake from Mouthwash.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the mouthwash use questionnaire to determine the lifetime exposure to alcohol from mouthwash and verify that it was suitable for use in general population.

Material And Methods: Data were available from three consecutive studies, all collecting information on mouthwash use. In addition, supermarkets and online stores were screened for the brands of mouthwash they sold.

Inspiratory muscle training increases inspiratory muscle strength in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review.

Question: Does inspiratory muscle training improve inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, facilitate weaning, improve survival, and reduce the rate of reintubation and tracheostomy in adults receiving mechanical ventilation?

Design: Systematic review of randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials.

Participants: Adults over 16 years of age receiving mechanical ventilation.

Intervention: Inspiratory muscle training versus sham or no inspiratory muscle training.

Olfactory experience modifies semiochemical responses in a bark beetle predator.

A typical feature of forest insect pests is their tendency to undergo large fluctuations in abundance, which can jeopardize the persistence of their predaceous natural enemies. One strategy that these predators may adopt to cope with these fluctuations would be to respond to sensory cues for multiple prey species. Another possible adaptation to temporal variation in the prey community could involve the learning of prey cues and switching behavior.

Understanding the causes of kidney transplant failure: the dominant role of antibody-mediated rejection and nonadherence.

We prospectively studied kidney transplants that progressed to failure after a biopsy for clinical indications, aiming to assign a cause to every failure. We followed 315 allograft recipients who underwent indication biopsies at 6 days to 32 years posttransplant. Sixty kidneys progressed to failure in the follow-up period (median 31.

Investigating factors influencing 4th-year physiotherapy students' opinions of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy as a career path.

Recruitment and retention issues in cardiorespiratory physiotherapy (CRP) have led to concerns for the future of this specialist area of physiotherapy. This study evaluated the career choices of student physiotherapists and elicited factors that influenced their perceptions of CRP. A postal questionnaire to two schools of physiotherapy in New Zealand and two in Australia was administered.

The meaning of "aging in place" to older people.

Purpose: This study illuminates the concept of "aging in place" in terms of functional, symbolic, and emotional attachments and meanings of homes, neighbourhoods, and communities. It investigates how older people understand the meaning of "aging in place," a term widely used in aging policy and research but underexplored with older people themselves.

Design And Methods: Older people (n = 121), ranging in age from 56 to 92 years, participated in focus groups and interviews in 2 case study communities of similar size in Aotearoa New Zealand, both with high ratings on deprivation indices.