Correcting misperceptions of out-partisans decreases American legislators' support for undemocratic practices.

There is substantial concern about democratic backsliding in the United States. Evidence includes notably high levels of animosity toward out-partisans and support for undemocratic practices (SUP) among the general public. Much less is known, however, about the views of elected officials-even though they influence democratic outcomes more directly.

Interventions reducing affective polarization do not necessarily improve anti-democratic attitudes.

There is widespread concern that rising affective polarization-particularly dislike for outpartisans-exacerbates Americans' anti-democratic attitudes. Accordingly, scholars and practitioners alike have invested great effort in developing depolarization interventions that reduce affective polarization. Critically, however, it remains unclear whether these interventions reduce anti-democratic attitudes, or only change sentiments towards outpartisans.

Considering a risk profile based on emergency department utilization in young people with eating disorders: Implications for early detection.

Objective: While screening tools are available for the early identification of eating disorders, it may not be feasible to employ them in an emergency department (ED). Establishing a risk profile may improve the screening process. The purpose of this study was to investigate ED service utilization among patients with eating disorders and create a risk profile to help detect eating disorders at an earlier and more treatable stage.

Emotional functioning in pediatric epilepsy: Evidence of greater externalizing behavior with left hemisphere onset.

Though it is wellknown that psychiatric concerns are common in children with epilepsy, factors predicting such problems are not well understood. The present investigation studied rates of parent-reported psychological concerns in clinically referred children with epilepsy. Further, it investigated differences in psychological distress across epilepsy subtypes (i.

Regulation of plasma vasopressin by plasma osmolality and carotid sinus pressure in anesthetized rabbits.

The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the effect of changes in carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation on plasma vasopressin (AVP) at different plasma osmolalities in the anesthetized artificially ventilated rabbit. Both carotid sinuses were isolated and perfused with blood at servo-controlled pressures. The vagus and aortic depressor nerves were sectioned bilaterally to eliminate input from atrial and aortic arch baroreceptors.

The effects of cortisol, vasopressin (AVP), and corticotropin-releasing factor administration on pulsatile adrenocorticotropin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and AVP secretion in the pituitary venous effluent of the horse.

Plasma ACTH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and alpha MSH were measured in pituitary venous effluent at 5-min intervals from five unanesthetized horses during cortisol infusion and after an iv bolus of AVP or ovine (o) CRF. In control experiments (no hormone) there was a significant overall correlation between the timing of concentration changes in ACTH and alpha MSH. Cortisol infusion increased jugular cortisol levels by 70% and was associated with a reduction in mean ACTH, AVP, and alpha MSH secretion rates and ACTH peak secretion rate, but did not alter the observed pulse frequencies of these hormones.

The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 5. Effects on the endocrine system and on adipose tissue metabolism.

1. Three experiments were conducted using Lotus pedunculatus containing high concentrations of condensed tannins (CT), and utilizing the principle that polyethylene glycol (PEG) application (molecular weight 3350) will irreversibly bind a portion of the CT and thus reduce the dietary reactive (i.e.

Spontaneous and stimulated adrenocorticotropin and vasopressin pulsatile secretion in the pituitary venous effluent of the horse.

Plasma ACTH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and catecholamines were measured at 5-min intervals in the pituitary venous effluent of the unanesthetized horse. Pulses of ACTH and AVP were found to be surprisingly brief (usually of less than 10-min duration) and frequent (averaging between 15-25 min). A highly significant relationship in the changes in concentration of these two hormones was demonstrated (P less than 0.

The physiological significance of arginine vasopressin in potentiating the response to corticotrophin-releasing factor in sheep.

In order to assess the physiological importance of endogenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) in augmenting the ACTH response to corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), the response to CRF during hypertonic saline infusion in six Coopworth sheep was examined. A 4-h infusion of 5% (w/v) NaCl (3.8 ml/min) resulted in significantly (P less than 0.

Inhibition of spontaneous ACTH release and improved response to CRF in sheep premedicated with the enkephalin analogue DAMME.

The effect of IV injections of an enkephalin analogue (DAMME) in sheep prior to the administration of CRF has been compared with chlorpromazine-morphine (CPZ-M) injections as well as a chlorpromazine-morphine-nembutal (CPZ-M-N) regime. The results showed that the administration of DAMME 60 minutes prior to CRF injections, gave more consistent and more sustained inhibition of spontaneous plasma ACTH and plasma cortisol secretion than either CPZ-M or CPZ-M-N pre-treatment. Changes in plasma ACTH and plasma cortisol levels were more readily detectable in DAMME-treated sheep as compared with saline controls when 50 micrograms injections of CRF were given into the carotid artery.

Endocrine regulation of metabolism in sheep given kale (Brassica oleracea) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-clover (Trifolium repens) fresh-forage diets.

Diets of fresh kale (Brassica oleracea) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-clover (Trifolium repens) herbage were fed to growing sheep in three experiments. In Expts 1 and 3 the sheep were confined indoors and fed at hourly intervals, and all were given supplementary iodine to counteract kale goitrogens. Lambs grazed the two forages for 24 weeks in Expt 2, with and without intramuscular injections of iodized oil.

Gastro-intestinal tract function in sheep infused with somatostatin.

The effect of a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion of somatostatin (4.6 ng min-1 kg-1) was studied, using anoestrous ewes given 791 g dry matter per day of a 60:40 lucerne hay:oat grain pelleted diet from a continuously moving belt. 51Cr-EDTA, 103Ru-phenanthroline and lignin were used as markers to determine digesta mean retention times (MRT) by a continuous infusion-total sampling procedure.

Suppression and stimulation of growth hormone release in sheep by somatostatin analogs.

The inhibitory and stimulatory effects of somatostatin analogues on growth hormone secretion have been studied in the sheep. Plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) was stimulated by the iv administration of the antilipolytic compound 3,5-dimethylpyrazole and was followed by infusion of somatostatin (SRIF) and analogues into the carotid artery. The analogues D-trp8-D-cys14-SRIF, des-AA1,2,4,5,12D-trp8-D-cys-14SRIF, and SRIF-Wy 40793 were shown to cause a dose-dependent suppression of plasma GH, followed by a significant rise ("rebound") on terminating the infusion.

Effects of an enkephalin analogue (DAMME) on pituitary and pancreatic function in sheep.

The hormonal secretory effects of intravenously and intracerebroventricularly administered DAMME have been studied in the sheep. Serum prolactin and growth hormone levels were significantly elevated after i.v.

The hormonal actions of corticotropin-releasing factor in sheep: effect of intravenous and intracerebroventricular injection.

The 41-residue ovine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) was administered iv and intracerebroventricularly (icv) to merino sheep. A significant rise in plasma ACTH, beta-lipotropin (beta LPH) and cortisol was demonstrated after the administration of 200 micrograms, iv. A highly significant correlation between the increments in plasma ACTH and beta LPH was observed.

Protein metabolism in growing lambs given fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne)--clover (Trifolium repens) pasture ad lib. 2. Endocrine changes, glucose production, and their relationship to protein deposition and the partition of absorbed nutrients.

1. Glucose metabolism and changes in the concentrations of several hormones in jugular plasma were measured in growing lambs fed on fresh pasture ad lib. One group of lambs acted as control while the second received a continuous abomasal infusion supplying 44 g sodium caseinate+0.

An in vivo model for testing somatostatin suppression of growth hormone release in sheep.

To investigate the suppressive effect of somatostatin on growth hormone secretion, a consistent, potent stimulus to growth hormone release is required. The antilipolytic compound 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (DMP) gave a rapid rise in plasma immunoreactive growth hormone following iv administration to fasting sheep. The dose response relationship for iv DMP was defined in 12 sheep, and a rise in growth hormone levels from a baseline of 2.

The influence of glucagon on sodium retention after fasting.

Two groups of five obese female subjects, having undergone a ten day therapeutic fast, were fed with either glucose 50 g/day or with L-alanine 50 g/day for three days. Plasma glucagon concentrations and urinary electrolyte excretion were compared in the two groups. Although 4.

Studies with the autotransplanted ovine pancreas: glucagon and insulin secretion.

Basic studies on the secretion of glucagon and insulin by the ovine pancreatic autotransplant in the neck are described. Of the 17 transplants in the series none failed to secrete glucagon and only three failed to secrete insulin in detectable amounts. The longest surviving transplant actively secreted both hormones 3 years after transplantation and five other transplants were functional and the animals healthy after 16 months.