Evolution of WHO COVID-19 mask guidelines amid intense demands for rapid advice.

During a health emergency, there is an urgent need to rapidly develop guidelines that meet minimum quality standards, as exemplified by the development of WHO guidelines on mask use in health care and community settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Between January 2020 and October 2023, WHO developed 21 guideline updates on the use of masks as part of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. Guideline developers had to deal with an ever-growing volume of evidence of variable quality.

Massachusetts Pediatric Injury Equity Review (MassPIER): A Process to Address Injury Inequities.

Objectives: Significant inequities in pediatric injury outcomes exist. We aim to develop a process to assist child death review (CDR) teams in identifying upstream factors that lead to inequitable outcomes in pediatric injuries.

Methods: We spent 6 months (November 2021-April 2022) working with 3 CDR teams in Massachusetts to understand their tools and processes for CDR.

Transparency: A central principle underpinning trustworthy guidelines.

• The development of trustworthy guidelines follows a range of principles. • In response to the Covid pandemic there was an urgent need for guidelines to respond to a wide range of clinical and public health challenges; timelines became contracted and evidence was frequently lacking or of poor quality. • For guideline development the World Health Organization, it became clear that one of the most important principles to adhere to is transparency as this underpins all other principles of guideline development.

An Evaluation of Post-Concussion Return to School Guidelines: A Survey of Massachusetts School Nurses.

Although all states have legislation pertaining to youth sports concussion, most of these laws focus on return-to-play procedures; only a few address return-to-learn (RTL) accommodations for students who have experienced a concussion. To address this gap in the legislation, some states and nongovernmental organizations have developed RTL guidelines to advise school personnel, parents, and health care providers on best practices for accommodating students' postconcussion reintegration into academic activity. In 2018, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) developed RTL guidelines which were disseminated to school nurses (SNs) at all public and nonpublic middle and high schools in the state.

Prioritising gender, equity, and human rights in a GRADE-based framework to inform future research on self care for sexual and reproductive health and rights.

Introduction: In January 2019, the WHO reviewed evidence to develop global recommendations on self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). Identification of research gaps is part of the WHO guidelines development process, but reliable methods to do so are currently lacking with gender, equity and human rights (GER) infrequently prioritised.

Methods: We expanded a prior framework based on Grading of Evidence, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to include GER.

Does rivaroxaban have a role in treating patients with PAD?

Peripheral arterial disease can cause devastating health outcomes, and few therapies are available to treat this condition. Results of a secondary analysis of the COMPASS trial suggest benefit with the use of rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus aspirin 100 mg daily.

Tools and approaches to operationalize the commitment to equity, gender and human rights: towards leaving no one behind in the Sustainable Development Goals.

The objective of this article is to present specific resources developed by the World Health Organization on equity, gender and human rights in order to support Member States in operationalizing their commitment to leave no one behind in the health Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and other health-related goals and targets. The resources cover: (i) health inequality monitoring; (ii) barrier analysis using mixed methods; (iii) human rights monitoring; (iv) leaving no one behind in national and subnational health sector planning; and (v) equity, gender and human rights in national health programme reviews. Examples of the application of the tools in a range of country contexts are provided for each resource.

An Examination of Gender Differences in the Association of Adolescent Substance use with Eating and Weight Loss Attitudes.

Objective: To assess gender differences in the relationship between eating and weight loss attitudes (EWAs), and 30-day tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents, while controlling for potential confounds (age, country of birth, psychological distress, pubertal development, peer alcohol and tobacco use, and sexual activity).

Methods: School students aged between 11 and 17 years (N = 10,273) from high schools in the State of Victoria (Australia) completed surveys in class under conditions of anonymity and confidentiality.

Results: The interaction between EWAs and gender was significant for tobacco use but not for alcohol use, indicating that the effect of EWAs on tobacco use, but not alcohol use, vary by gender.

Increase in brain atrophy after subdural hematoma to rates greater than associated with dementia.

OBJECTIVEChronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a highly morbid condition associated with brain atrophy in the elderly. It has a reported 30% 1-year mortality rate. Approximately half of afflicted individuals report either no or relatively unremarkable trauma preceding their diagnosis, raising the possibility that cSDH is a manifestation of degenerative or inflammatory disease rather than trauma.

A life-course approach to health: synergy with sustainable development goals.

A life-course approach to health encompasses strategies across individuals' lives that optimize their functional ability (taking into account the interdependence of individual, social, environmental, temporal and intergenerational factors), thereby enabling well-being and the realization of rights. The approach is a perfect fit with efforts to achieve universal health coverage and meet the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Properly applied, a life-course approach can increase the effectiveness of the former and help realize the vision of the latter, especially in ensuring health and well-being for all at all ages.

Linking eating and weight control attitudes to relationship experiences: A large-scale survey of adolescent females.

Objective: To examine the extent to which family conflict, peer bullying and psychological distress account for eating and weight loss attitudes in adolescent females. This study examined the degree to which psychological distress mediated the association between family conflict and eating and weight loss attitudes, and the association of bullying and eating and weight loss attitudes.

Method: Females aged between 11 and 17 years (N = 5125) were recruited from schools in the State of Victoria (Australia).

Which antidotes are available for the novel oral anticoagulants?

Use of novel (or target-specific) oral anticoagulants continues to increase. This article reviews idarucizumab and andexanet alfa, two antidotes that can be used to reverse anticoagulation in patients needing emergency surgery or with life-threatening bleeding.

The Right to Health of Older People.

A focus on the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (hereinafter, "the right to health") draws attention to the health needs of older people, including the most marginalized among them. Many factors that influence vulnerability or impede the enjoyment of health and access to quality services result from an inability to freely exercise these human rights. A human rights approach can help to address the legal, social, and structural barriers to good health for older persons, clarifying the legal obligations of State and non-State actors to uphold and respect these rights.

Assessing the Impact of a Human Rights-Based Approach across a Spectrum of Change for Women's, Children's, and Adolescents' Health.

Global momentum around women's, children's, and adolescents' health, coupled with the ambitious and equalizing agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has exposed a tension between the need for comprehensive, multi-actor, rights-based approaches that seek to "close the gaps" and a growing economic and political imperative to demonstrate efficiency, effectiveness, and returns on specific investments. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a framework to measure "results" in a way that offers a more nuanced understanding of the impact of human rights-based approaches and their complexity, as well as their contextual, multi-sectoral, and evolving nature. We argue that the impact of human rights-based approaches is best measured across a spectrum of change-at the individual, programmatic, structural, and societal levels.

Enhanced lifetime of excitons in nonepitaxial Au/CdS core/shell nanocrystals.

The ability of metal nanoparticles to capture light through plasmon excitations offers an opportunity for enhancing the optical absorption of plasmon-coupled semiconductor materials via energy transfer. This process, however, requires that the semiconductor component is electrically insulated to prevent a "backward" charge flow into metal and interfacial states, which causes a premature dissociation of excitons. Here we demonstrate that such an energy exchange can be achieved on the nanoscale by using nonepitaxial Au/CdS core/shell nanocomposites.