Peatland pools are tightly coupled to the contemporary carbon cycle.

Peatlands are globally important stores of soil carbon (C) formed over millennial timescales but are at risk of destabilization by human and climate disturbance. Pools are ubiquitous features of many peatlands and can contain very high concentrations of C mobilized in dissolved and particulate organic form and as the greenhouses gases carbon dioxide (CO ) and methane (CH ). The radiocarbon content ( C) of these aquatic C forms tells us whether pool C is generated by contemporary primary production or from destabilized C released from deep peat layers where it was previously stored for millennia.

mRNA Synthesis and Encapsulation in Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles.

mRNA vaccines have recently generated significant interest due to their success during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their success is due to advances in mRNA design and encapsulation into ionizable lipid nanoparticles (iLNPs). This has highlighted the potential for the use of mRNA-iLNPs in other settings such as cancer, gene therapy, or vaccines for different infectious diseases.

Implementing a Standardized Communication Tool in an Intensive Care Unit.

Background: Effective communication is essential in critical care settings. Use of the SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) tool has been shown to standardize and improve communication among health care providers.

Local Problem: This quality improvement project was designed to improve communication in an intensive care unit that lacked a standardized communication protocol.

Single cell variability of CRISPR-Cas interference and adaptation.

While CRISPR-Cas defence mechanisms have been studied on a population level, their temporal dynamics and variability in individual cells have remained unknown. Using a microfluidic device, time-lapse microscopy and mathematical modelling, we studied invader clearance in Escherichia coli across multiple generations. We observed that CRISPR interference is fast with a narrow distribution of clearance times.

Engaging advanced practice nurses in evidence-based practice: An e-mentoring program.

Background: Mentoring is highly valued in the nursing profession and essential to building an evidence-based practice (EBP) culture. However, many organizations have a limited number of EBP mentors, who have limited non-clinical time to engage in mentoring.

Aims: This project aimed to test whether an e-mentoring approach to nursing inquiry could enhance EBP beliefs (EBPB), increase EBP Implementation (EBPI), and improve Organizational Culture and Readiness for System-Wide Implementation of EBP (OCRSIEP).

Developing bonds: An exploration of the development of bonds between mentors and young people.

The article describes a piece of research exploring young people's experience of a mentoring service (PROMISE). The scheme has been developed to offer vulnerable young people a supportive relationship to assist their lives. This article explores the nature of the mentoring relationship, including how mentors and mentees view its development.

Predictive action perception from explicit intention information in autism.

Social difficulties in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may originate from a reduced top-down modulation of sensory information that prevents the spontaneous attribution of intentions to observed behaviour. However, although people with autism are able to explicitly reason about others' mental states, the effect of abstract intention information on perceptual processes has remained untested. ASD participants (n = 23) and a neurotypical (NT) control group (n = 23) observed a hand either reaching for an object or withdrawing from it.

SAFE, a new therapeutic intervention for families of children with autism: a randomised controlled feasibility trial.

Objectives: To establish the feasibility of a definitive randomised controlled trial of Systemic Autism-related Family Enabling (SAFE), an intervention for families of children with autism.

Design: A randomised, controlled, multicentred feasibility study.

Setting: Participants were identified from three National Health Service (NHS) diagnosing centres in Plymouth and Cornwall and a community pathway.

Doing things differently: Exploring attachment patterns and parental intentions in families where a child has a diagnosis of autism.

The article examines the experience of parenting a child with a diagnosis of autism with a focus on scripts and intentions in relation to the parents' own childhood experiences of being parented. Five parents participated in a multiple case study design involving in-depth interviews, Adult Attachment Interviews and a parenting intentions scaling task. The findings revealed that all of the parents had experienced significant adverse events in their own childhoods, including trauma and losses.

Eliminating international normalized ratio threshold for transfusion in pediatric patients with acute liver failure.

Introduction: Transfusion protocols are not well-studied for pediatric patients with acute liver failure (ALF). This study evaluates the utility of an international normalized ratio (INR)-based transfusion threshold for these patients.

Methods: Forty-four ALF pediatric patients from 2009 to 2018 were reviewed and divided into two groups: (a) a threshold group including patients between 2009 and 2015 who were transfused for an INR above 3.

Direct Visualization of Native CRISPR Target Search in Live Bacteria Reveals Cascade DNA Surveillance Mechanism.

CRISPR-Cas systems encode RNA-guided surveillance complexes to find and cleave invading DNA elements. While it is thought that invaders are neutralized minutes after cell entry, the mechanism and kinetics of target search and its impact on CRISPR protection levels have remained unknown. Here, we visualize individual Cascade complexes in a native type I CRISPR-Cas system.

SAFE, a new therapeutic intervention for families of children with autism: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Incidence of autistic traits, mental health problems, stress and poor coping is high among family members of children with autism. These problems are coupled with challenging behaviour among children with autism. Current treatment for these families is disjointed and costly.

Cas4-Cas1 fusions drive efficient PAM selection and control CRISPR adaptation.

Microbes have the unique ability to acquire immunological memories from mobile genetic invaders to protect themselves from predation. To confer CRISPR resistance, new spacers need to be compatible with a targeting requirement in the invader's DNA called the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Many CRISPR systems encode Cas4 proteins to ensure new spacers are integrated that meet this targeting prerequisite.

Using CAPTURE to detect spacer acquisition in native CRISPR arrays.

CRISPR-Cas systems are able to acquire immunological memories (spacers) from bacteriophages and plasmids in order to survive infection; however, this often occurs at low frequency within a population, which can make it difficult to detect. Here we describe CAPTURE (CRISPR adaptation PCR technique using reamplification and electrophoresis), a versatile and adaptable protocol to detect spacer-acquisition events by electrophoresis imaging with high-enough sensitivity to identify spacer acquisition in 1 in 10 cells. Our method harnesses two simple PCR steps, separated by automated electrophoresis and extraction of size-selected DNA amplicons, thus allowing the removal of unexpanded arrays from the sample pool and enabling 1,000-times more sensitive detection of new spacers than alternative PCR protocols.

Role of nucleotide identity in effective CRISPR target escape mutations.

Prokaryotes use primed CRISPR adaptation to update their memory bank of spacers against invading genetic elements that have escaped CRISPR interference through mutations in their protospacer target site. We previously observed a trend that nucleotide-dependent mismatches between crRNA and the protospacer strongly influence the efficiency of primed CRISPR adaptation. Here we show that guanine-substitutions in the target strand of the protospacer are highly detrimental to CRISPR interference and interference-dependent priming, while cytosine-substitutions are more readily tolerated.

Health Care System Factors Associated with Transition Preparation in Youth with Special Health Care Needs.

The aim of this study was to assess: (1) the proportion of youth with special health care needs (YSHCN) with adequate transition preparation, (2) whether transition preparation differs by individual, condition-related and health care system-related factors, and (3) whether specific components of the medical home are associated with adequate transition preparation. The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, which surveyed a nationally representative sample of 17,114 parents of YSHCN ages 12 to 18 years. Adequate transition preparation was based on positive responses to questions about transition to an adult provider, changing health care needs, maintaining insurance coverage, and if providers encouraged YSHCN to take responsibility for health care needs.

Nutritional Issues in Food Allergy.

Diet and nutrition play an important role in the development and management of food allergy. The diet of expectant mothers can have an effect on their offspring in terms of allergic outcomes. A host of confounding factors may influence this, with a maternal diet rich in fruits and vegetables, fish, vitamin D-rich foods associated with a lower risk of allergic disease in their children.

Cas4 Facilitates PAM-Compatible Spacer Selection during CRISPR Adaptation.

CRISPR-Cas systems adapt their immunological memory against their invaders by integrating short DNA fragments into clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci. While Cas1 and Cas2 make up the core machinery of the CRISPR integration process, various class I and II CRISPR-Cas systems encode Cas4 proteins for which the role is unknown. Here, we introduced the CRISPR adaptation genes cas1, cas2, and cas4 from the type I-D CRISPR-Cas system of Synechocystis sp.

Autism and attachment difficulties: Overlap of symptoms, implications and innovative solutions.

This article explores overlap of symptoms between autism and attachment difficulties and suggests innovative solutions based on formulation. Currently, clinicians express difficulties in differentiating between these conditions contributing to misdiagnosis. Research into the prevalence of attachment difficulties among children with autism often fails to reflect detailed knowledge of attachment theory.

CRISPR-Cas: Adapting to change.

Bacteria and archaea are engaged in a constant arms race to defend against the ever-present threats of viruses and invasion by mobile genetic elements. The most flexible weapons in the prokaryotic defense arsenal are the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems. These systems are capable of selective identification and neutralization of foreign DNA and/or RNA.

Transitions in Pediatric Gastroenterology: Results of a National Provider Survey.

Objectives: Transition and transfer to adult-oriented health care is an important yet challenging task for adolescents and young adults with chronic medical conditions. Transition practices vary widely, but a paucity of data makes determination of best practices difficult. We described North American pediatric gastroenterologists' preferences and present transition practice patterns and explored whether experience affected providers' perspectives.

Structural plasticity and in vivo activity of Cas1 from the type I-F CRISPR-Cas system.

CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems in prokaryotes that provide protection against viruses and other foreign DNA. In the adaptation stage, foreign DNA is integrated into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) arrays as new spacers. These spacers are used in the interference stage to guide effector CRISPR associated (Cas) protein(s) to target complementary foreign invading DNA.

Becoming invisible: The effect of triangulation on children's well-being.

The study explored children's experience of triangulation in their families. In all, 15 children aged 11-16 years, who were attending an early intervention family therapy service, participated in the study. The children's understandings and emotional experience of triangulation were explored by comparing their responses to pictures from the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT) and a set of pictures designed for the study depicting a variety of triangulation conflicts in families.