Advanced Esophageal Endoscopy.

Recent advancements in endoscopy, including high-definition imaging, virtual chromoendoscopy, and optical magnification, have enhanced our ability to visualize and diagnose certain esophageal diseases. Innovative endoscopic tools and procedures have been developed to broaden the scope of therapeutic options for treating patients with various esophageal conditions. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the esophageal anatomy and major disorders from an endoscopist's perspective and explore recent advances in endoscopic treatment.

Abnormal cholesterol metabolism underlies relative adrenal insufficiency in decompensated cirrhosis.

Background And Aims: Relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in patients with cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality. Although the pathogenesis of RAI remains unclear, disordered cholesterol metabolism may contribute.

Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study of 96 non-critically ill subjects with decompensated cirrhosis at a tertiary care centre.

Thrombocytopenia in Chronic Liver Disease and the Role of Thrombopoietin Agonists.

Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of chronic liver disease and creates clinical challenges for patients who need invasive procedures. Options available to increase platelet counts were previously limited to risk-laden therapies such as platelet transfusions, splenic artery embolization, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Thrombopoietin (TPO) agonists can augment platelet production through TPO receptor agonism.