Fatal Exertional Heat Stroke Trends in Secondary School Sports From 1982 Through 2022.

Background: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of secondary school sport-related death; however, a longitudinal analysis on observed trends is lacking. Our purpose was to describe EHS deaths in United States secondary school athletes since the 1982/1983 academic year.

Hypothesis: EHS deaths will be primarily represented by football athletes and have a stable or increasing trend across a decade-by-decade analysis.

Exertional Heat Stroke Best Practices in U.S. Emergency Medical Services Guidelines.

Background: Exertional heat illnesses (EHIs), specifically exertional heat stroke (EHS), are a top cause of nonaccidental death among U.S. laborers.

Factors Influencing Athletic Training Services in California Secondary Schools: A 5-Year Update.

Context: California is the only state that does not regulate the athletic training profession, allowing unqualified personnel to be hired and call themselves athletic trainers (ATs). The benefits of employing a certified AT in the secondary school setting are numerous, but efforts to push regulation legislation continue to fail in California.

Objective: To describe the availability of certified ATs in California secondary schools and explore factors influencing AT employment.

Effect of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Heat Training on Maximal Oxygen Uptake.

Background: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO) is an important determinant of endurance performance. Heat acclimation/acclimatization (HA/HAz) elicits improvements in endurance performance. Upon heat exposure reduction, intermittent heat training (IHT) may alleviate HA/HAz adaptation decay; however, corresponding VO responses are unknown.

Exertional Heatstroke Survivors' Knowledge and Beliefs About Exertional Heatstroke Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return to Play.

Context: Little information exists regarding what exertional heatstroke (EHS) survivors know and believe about EHS best practices. Understanding this would help clinicians focus educational efforts to ensure survival and safe return-to-play following EHS.

Objective: We sought to better understand what EHS survivors knew about EHS seriousness (eg, lethality and short- and long-term effects), diagnosis and treatment procedures, and recovery.

Exertional Heat Stroke Survival at the Falmouth Road Race: 180 New Cases With Expanded Analysis.

Context: A high number of exertional heat stroke (EHS) cases occur during the Falmouth Road Race.

Objectives: To extend previous analyses of EHS cases during the Falmouth Road Race by assessing or describing (1) EHS and heat exhaustion (HE) incidence rates, (2) EHS outcomes as they relate to survival, (3) the effect of the environment on these outcomes, and (4) how this influences medical provider planning and preparedness.

Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Recommended water immersion duration for the field treatment of exertional heat stroke when rectal temperature is unavailable.

Introduction: The recommended treatment for exertional heat stroke is immediate, whole-body immersion in < 10 °C water until rectal temperature (T) reaches ≤ 38.6 °C. However, real-time T assessment is not always feasible or available in field settings or emergency situations.

Environmental Stress Symptoms during Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Heat Training.

Background: Athletes training in heat experience physiological and perceptual symptoms that risk their safety and performance without adaptation.

Purpose: We examined the changes in environmental symptoms, assessed with the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ), during heat acclimatization (HAz), heat acclimation (HA), and intermittent heat training (HT).

Methods: Twenty-seven participants (mean ± standard deviation [M ± SD], age of 35 ± 12 y, VO of 57.

Analysis of Exertion-Related Injuries and Fatalities in Laborers in the United States.

Laborers are particularly vulnerable to exertional injuries and illnesses, as they often engage in heavy physical work for prolonged hours, yet no studies have examined the top causes of catastrophic exertional injuries and fatalities among this population. The purpose of the investigation was to characterize the top causes of exertional injury and fatality within open access, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reportable data. A secondary analysis of OSHA reported injury and fatality data was performed through open access records from OSHA Severe Injury Reports (2015-2022) and OSHA fatality inspection data (2017-2020), respectively.

Using Predictive Modeling Technique to Assess Core Temperature Adaptations from Heart Rate, Sweat Rate, and Thermal Sensation in Heat Acclimatization and Heat Acclimation.

Assessing the adaptation of rectal temperature (T) is critical following heat acclimatization (HAz) and heat acclimation (HA) because it is associated with exercise performance and safety; however, more feasible and valid methods need to be identified. The purpose of this study was to predict adaptations in T from heart rate (HR), sweat rate (SR), and thermal sensation (TS) using predictive modeling techniques. Twenty-five male endurance athletes (age, 36 ± 12 y; VO, 57.

Effects of Heat Acclimation Following Heat Acclimatization on Whole Body Heat Exchange in Trained Endurance Athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in metabolic heat production (Hprod), evaporative heat loss (Hevap), and dry heat loss (Hdry), following heat acclimatization (HAz) and heat acclimation (HA). Twenty-two male endurance athletes (mean ± standard deviation; age, 37 ± 12 y; body mass, 73.4 ± 8.

Secondary School Athletic Coaches' Perceptions and Knowledge of the Athletic Training Profession.

Context: Coaches play a role in streamlining care, especially by directing student-athletes in need of further medical attention to the athletic trainer (AT). The AT-coach relationship holds great potential for incorporating collaborative care, and yet, little is known about coaches' perceptions and knowledge of ATs.

Objective: To investigate coaches' perceptions of athletic training and their knowledge regarding the roles and responsibilities of ATs in secondary schools.

Youth Athletes' Parents' Perceptions and Knowledge of the Athletic Training Profession.

Context: Parents have unique roles in advocating for their child's health and safety. Such advocacy can improve student-athletes' access to athletic trainers (ATs), yet few researchers have investigated the perceptions of student-athletes' parents regarding athletic training.

Objective: To explore parents' perceptions of athletic training and evaluate their knowledge regarding the AT's role.

The efficacy of weekly and bi-weekly heat training to maintain the physiological benefits of heat acclimation.

Objectives: To examine the efficacy of weekly and bi-weekly heat training to maintain heat acclimatization (HAz) and heat acclimation (HA) for 8 weeks in aerobically trained athletes.

Design: Randomized, between-group.

Methods: Twenty-four males (mean [m ± standard deviation [sd]; (age, 34 ± 12 y; body mass, 72.

Effects of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Exercise Heat Training on Time-Trial Performance.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of heat acclimatization (HAz) followed by heat acclimation (HA), and intermittent heat training (IHT) on time-trial performance.

Hypothesis: Time-trial performance will improve after HA and will further improve with twice a week of IHT.

Study Design: Interventional study.

Heat Safety in the Workplace: Modified Delphi Consensus to Establish Strategies and Resources to Protect the US Workers.

The purpose of this consensus document was to develop feasible, evidence-based occupational heat safety recommendations to protect the US workers that experience heat stress. Heat safety recommendations were created to protect worker health and to avoid productivity losses associated with occupational heat stress. Recommendations were tailored to be utilized by safety managers, industrial hygienists, and the employers who bear responsibility for implementing heat safety plans.

Relationships Between WUT (Body Weight, Urine Color, and Thirst Level) Criteria and Urine Indices of Hydration Status.

Background: A Venn diagram consisting of percentage body mass loss, urine color, and thirst perception (weight, urine, thirst [WUT]) has been suggested as a practical method to assess hydration status. However, no study to date has examined relationships between WUT and urine hydration indices. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and the WUT criteria.

State-Level Implementation of Health and Safety Policies to Prevent Sudden Death and Catastrophic Injuries Within High Schools: An Update.

Background: Mandated sports safety policies that incorporate evidence-based best practices have been shown to mitigate the risk of mortality and morbidity in sports. In 2017, a review of the state-level implementation of health and safety policies within high schools was released.

Purpose: To provide an update on the assessment of the implementation of health and safety policies pertaining to the leading causes of death and catastrophic injuries in sports within high school athletics in the United States.

Epidemiology of sudden death in organized school sports in Japan.

Background: Nearly half of the sudden deaths documented in Japanese middle and high school occurred during school organized sport activities. However, no study to date has calculated the incidence rates of these deaths by sport. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the epidemiology of sudden death in organized school sports in Japan.

Effects of Face Mask Use on Objective and Subjective Measures of Thermoregulation During Exercise in the Heat.

Background: While increased face mask use has helped reduce COVID-19 transmission, there have been concerns about its influence on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat, but consistent, evidence-based recommendations are lacking.

Hypothesis: No physiological differences would exist during low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat between trials with and without face masks, but perceptual sensations could vary.

Study Design: Crossover study.

The effects of hydration status and ice-water dousing on physiological and performance indices during a simulated soccer match in the heat.

Objectives: To assess the effects of hydration status and ice-water dousing on physiological and performance parameters.

Design: Randomized, crossover.

Methods: Twelve athletes (mean[M] ± standard deviation[SD]; age, 20 ± 1 years; height, 174 ± 8 cm; body mass, 72.

Availability of a Flavored Beverage and Impact on Children's Hydration Status, Sleep, and Mood.

Euhydration remains a challenge in children due to lack of access and unpalatability of water and to other reasons. The purpose of this study was to determine if the availability/access to a beverage (Creative Roots) influences hydration in children and, therefore, sleep quality and mood. Using a crossover investigation, 46 participants were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or an intervention group and received Creative Roots (INT) for two-week periods.