Moral injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and religious involvement among U.S. veterans.

Background: Traumatic experiences can cause ethical conflicts. "Moral injury" (MI) has been used to describe this emotional/cognitive state, and could contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or block its recovery. We examine the relationship between MI and PTSD, and the impact of religious involvement (RI) on that relationship.

Effect of interaural level and phase cues on intervening interference in auditory working memory for loudness.

The focus of this study was to gauge the influence of intervening interference on an intensity standard held within auditory working memory through measurement of the just noticeable difference (JND) for intensity. Additionally, the use of interaural phase differences and interaural level differences as spatial cues were employed to identify whether these indicators provided a means for release from interference. A series of tones, both with and without spatial cues, were presented to subjects and responses were obtained using the method of constant stimuli.

Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: contributions of disease activity, pain, depression, and perceived social support.

Objective: Pain and psychological distress are associated with fatigue, and social support may play a buffering role in the adjustment to a chronic disease. Investigations of the relationship between fatigue and disease activity in chronic diseases have provided inconclusive findings. The influence of medications on perceived fatigue remains unclear.

Self-care behaviors for muscle pain.

Unlabelled: This investigation examined self-care behaviors for muscle pain because of the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and the substitution of self-care for formal medical care. In Study 1, university students (N = 187) completed a retrospective questionnaire about self-care for muscle pain. In Study 2, muscle pain was experimentally induced in university students (N = 79) with subsequent measurement of self-care.

Sex differences in pain anchors revisited: further investigation of "most intense" and common pain events.

Recent research suggests that the interpretation of maximal endpoints of pain scales vary between sexes. The purposes of this study were to investigate sex differences in (a) maximal endpoints of pain scales and (b) bias, discrimination, and the "better than average effect" for ratings of common pain events. Study participants described and rated the intensity of events that were the "most intense pain imaginable" for the typical woman, typical man, and one's self.

History of affective disorder and the experience of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: To evaluate how a prior affective disorder (major depression or generalized anxiety disorder) affects current fatigue among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To determine whether that relationship is mediated by self-efficacy expectations.

Methods: Forty-eight RA patients with a prior affective disorder and 74 without a history of affective disorder completed a mailed questionnaire that included the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue and indicators of neuroticism and self efficacy.

Sex differences in common pain events: expectations and anchors.

This study examined (1) the effects of sex-related stereotypes in commonly experienced, potentially painful events and (2) differences in events representing the worst pain sensation imaginable for the typical woman and the typical man. Undergraduates (63 women and 54 men) completed the Situational Pain Questionnaire as the typical woman would and as the typical man would. The participants also answered 2 open-ended questions regarding the worst pain sensation imaginable for the typical woman and for the typical man.