Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews.

Background: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing, with approximately 15% of pregnant women affected worldwide, varying by country, ethnicity and diagnostic thresholds. There are associated short- and long-term health risks for women and their babies.

Objectives: We aimed to summarise the evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of interventions for preventing GDM.

Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation.

Background: Intravenous cannulation is a painful procedure that can provoke anxiety and stress. Injecting local anaesthetic can provide analgesia at the time of cannulation, but it is a painful procedure. Topical anaesthetic creams take between 30 and 90 minutes to produce an effect.