Virulence and transmission biology of the widespread, ecologically important pathogen of zooplankton, .

Unlabelled: ( hereafter) is a widely distributed bacterial pathogen that has significant impacts on the population dynamics of zooplankton (.) particularly in months when are asexually reproducing. However, little is known about virulence, transmission mode, and dynamics.

A common multi-host parasite shows genetic structuring at the host species and population levels.

Although individual parasite species commonly infect many populations across physical space as well as multiple host species, the extent to which parasites traverse physical and phylogenetic distances is unclear. Population genetic analyses of parasite populations can reveal how parasites move across space or between host species, including helping assess whether a parasite is more likely to infect a different host species in the same location or the same host species in a different location. Identifying these transmission barriers could be exploited for effective disease control.

Virulence evolution during a naturally occurring parasite outbreak.

Unlabelled: Virulence, the degree to which a pathogen harms its host, is an important but poorly understood aspect of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence is not static, instead depending on ecological context and potentially evolving rapidly. For instance, at the start of an epidemic, when susceptible hosts are plentiful, pathogens may evolve increased virulence if this maximizes their intrinsic growth rate.

Genotypic variation in an ecologically important parasite is associated with host species, lake and spore size.

Genetic variation in parasites has important consequences for host–parasite interactions. Prior studies of the ecologically important parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata have suggested low genetic variation in the species. Here, we collected M.

Carboplatin-pemetrexed in treatment of patients with recurrent/metastatic cancers of the head and neck; superior outcomes in oropharyngeal primaries.

Background: Platinum-based therapy in combination with 5-fluorouracil with cetuximab has shown the best survival in pts with recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M SCCHN). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of carboplatin, pemetrexed and to assess differential outcomes in patients with oropharyngeal primary and HPV related disease.

Patients And Methods: The charts of consecutive patients with R/M SCCHN were reviewed.