Drivers to implementing a whole-system approach to enquiring about adverse childhood experiences: A mixed methods evaluation from a single county in England.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have substantial impacts on individuals' health and social prospects across the life course. Retrospectively enquiring with adults about their experience of ACEs to inform support provision is an emerging intervention across services/countries, however little is known about the processes of implementation.

Objectives: The study aimed to examine the drivers to successful implementation of ACE enquiry.

The Mentors in Violence Prevention programme: impact on students' knowledge and attitudes related to violence, prejudice, and abuse, and willingness to intervene as a bystander in secondary schools in England.

Background: Violence is a leading cause of death and disability for young people and has serious impacts on prospects across the lifecourse. The education sector is a crucial setting for preventing youth violence through incorporating programmes that address attitudes and behaviours. The Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) programme aims to change harmful attitudes and norms, and increase non-violent bystander intervention, through a peer mentoring approach.

Sexual violence in nightlife and positive bystander intervention in an English city.

Background: Nightlife environments are high risk settings for sexual violence and bystander intervention programmes are being developed in response. However, more research is needed to understand nightlife-related sexual violence, and factors that influence bystander interventions. This study examined nightlife patron's experiences of sexual violence and associated factors; and relationships between attitudes towards, awareness and experience of sexual violence, and confidence to intervene.

Negative Urgency Linked to Craving and Substance Use Among Adults on Buprenorphine or Methadone.

Despite the effectiveness of medication-assisted treatment (MAT), adults receiving MAT experience opioid cravings and engage in non-opioid illicit substance use that increases the risk of relapse and overdose. The current study examines whether negative urgency, defined as the tendency to act impulsively in response to intense negative emotion, is a risk factor for opioid cravings and non-opioid illicit substance use. Fifty-eight adults (predominately White cis-gender females) receiving MAT (with buprenorphine or methadone) were recruited from online substance use forums and asked to complete self-report questionnaires on negative urgency (UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale), past 3-month opioid cravings (ASSIST-Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test), and non-opioid illicit substance use (e.

Exploring county-level spatio-temporal patterns in opioid overdose related emergency department visits.

Opioid overdoses within the United States continue to rise and have been negatively impacting the social and economic status of the country. In order to effectively allocate resources and identify policy solutions to reduce the number of overdoses, it is important to understand the geographical differences in opioid overdose rates and their causes. In this study, we utilized data on emergency department opioid overdose (EDOOD) visits to explore the county-level spatio-temporal distribution of opioid overdose rates within the state of Virginia and their association with aggregate socio-ecological factors.

Supply-side predictors of fatal drug overdose in the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA region: 2016-2020.

Background: Rising rates of fentanyl- and polydrug-involved drug overdose deaths have prompted inquiry into the role of drug supply in fatal overdose outcomes in the United States. To date, however, there have been few empirical investigations of drug enforcement strategies on fatal overdose rates, despite knowledge that both drug use and supply are often geographically distributed. To address this limitation, we examined measures of drug enforcement as predictors of next-year fatal overdose rates in the Washington/Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (W/B HIDTA).

The Martinsburg Initiative: A Collaboration Between Public Safety, Public Health, and Schools to Address Trauma and Substance Use.

The Martinsburg Initiative (TMI) is a community-based model developed in Martinsburg, West Virginia, that implements a comprehensive approach to adverse childhood experiences and substance use prevention and mitigation by leveraging partnerships in public health and health care, public safety, and education. TMI receives coordinated federal funding and technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Washington-Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Agency, and the National Association of County and City Health Officials to integrate evidence-based and promising strategies. It advances such strategies by translating them for implementation within the community, evaluating the reach and potential impact of the model, and by engaging key stakeholders.

The Contributing Role of Family, School, and Peer Supportive Relationships in Protecting the Mental Wellbeing of Children and Adolescents.

Globally, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in children and adolescents. Previous research has demonstrated that supportive relationships are a key protective factor against poor mental health in children, particularly amongst those who have experienced adversity. However, fewer studies have examined the relative impact of different types of supportive relationships.

Welsh Primary Schoolchildren's Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes: A Mixed Methods Study.

There are concerns that the growing popularity of e-cigarettes promotes experimentation among children. Given the influence of the early years on attitude and habit formation, better understanding of how younger children perceive vaping before experimentation begins is needed, to prevent uptake and inform tobacco control strategies. We explored Welsh primary schoolchildren's (aged 7-11) awareness of e-cigarettes relative to tobacco smoking, their understanding of the perceived risks and benefits and their intentions and beliefs about vaping.

Gambling with Your Health: Associations Between Gambling Problem Severity and Health Risk Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing.

The current study examined the association between gambling problem severity and health risk behaviours, health and wellbeing. A cross-sectional survey (including representative population and supplementary convenience samples) was conducted with 2303 adult residents of a British Island. Gambling problem severity was assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index.

Standard restrictive sternal precautions and modified sternal precautions had similar effects in people after cardiac surgery via median sternotomy ('SMART' Trial): a randomised trial.

Question: In people who have undergone cardiac surgery via median sternotomy, does modifying usual sternal precautions to make them less restrictive improve physical function, pain, kinesiophobia and health-related quality of life?

Design: Two-centre, randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation, blinded assessors and intention-to-treat analysis.

Participants: Seventy-two adults who had undergone cardiac surgery via a median sternotomy were included.

Intervention: Participants were randomly allocated to one of two groups at 4 (SD 1) days after surgery.

The Sternal Management Accelerated Recovery Trial (S.M.A.R.T) - standard restrictive versus an intervention of modified sternal precautions following cardiac surgery via median sternotomy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: The routine implementation of sternal precautions to prevent sternal complications that restrict the use of the upper limbs is currently worldwide practice following a median sternotomy. However, evidence is limited and drawn primarily from cadaver studies and orthopaedic research. Sternal precautions may delay recovery, prolong hospital discharge and be overly restrictive.

Primary Immunization of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in the Pediatric Population: What Is the Verdict Now?

The safety and efficacy of a 2-dose series for the human papillomavirus vaccines rather than a 3-dose series in older children has not been well defined. This article reviews the literature summarizing the use of all 3 HPV vaccines (2vHPV, 4vHPV, 9vHPV) as a 2-dose series for females and 4vHPV and 9vHPV for males younger than 15 years. Six prospective trials evaluating immunogenicity of a 2-dose series of 2vHPV and/or 4vHPV, as well as an ongoing prospective clinical trial for 9vHPV, are discussed.

Field validation of food service listings: a comparison of commercial and online geographic information system databases.

Many studies examining the food retail environment rely on geographic information system (GIS) databases for location information. The purpose of this study was to validate information provided by two GIS databases, comparing the positional accuracy of food service places within a 1 km circular buffer surrounding 34 schools in Ontario, Canada. A commercial database (InfoCanada) and an online database (Yellow Pages) provided the addresses of food service places.

Clinical evaluation and outcomes of naturally acquired West Nile virus infection in raptors.

West Nile virus (WNV) infection and associated disease and mortality have been documented in numerous North American raptor species. Information regarding clinical presentations and long-term outcomes of WNV-infected raptors is important in the clinic for the diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of prognosis, as well as for understanding potential population level effects on raptor species. Raptors of 22 species admitted to a rehabilitation clinic were tested, from 2002 to 2005, for previous and acute WNV infection, while comparing clinical syndromes, trauma, and rehabilitation outcomes.

Naturally induced humoral immunity to West Nile virus infection in raptors.

West Nile virus (WNV) infection can be fatal to many bird species, including numerous raptors, though population- and ecosystem-level impacts following introduction of the virus to North America have been difficult to document. Raptors occupy a diverse array of habitats worldwide and are important to ecosystems for their role as opportunistic predators. We documented initial (primary) WNV infection and then regularly measured WNV-specific neutralizing antibody titers in 16 resident raptors of seven species, plus one turkey vulture.