Publications by authors named "Reader R"

Article Synopsis
  • A 10-month-old male cat with cor triatriatum sinister underwent a successful hybrid surgical procedure that utilized transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy for guidance.
  • The surgery involved accessing the left atrial membrane through a minithoracotomy and performing balloon dilations to reduce the mean transmembrane pressure gradient significantly from 16 mmHg to 2.23 mmHg.
  • Four months post-surgery, the cat continued to show a low pressure gradient and has remained symptom-free for nine months following the procedure.
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Passively administered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) given before or after viral infection can prevent or blunt disease. Here, we examine the efficacy of aerosol mAb delivery to prevent infection and disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant via intranasal and intratracheal routes. SARS-CoV-2 human mAbs or a human mAb directed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are nebulized and delivered using positive airflow via facemask to sedated macaques pre- and post-infection.

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Chronic emesis (CE) is a poorly understood condition in human and nonhuman primates that negatively impacts the quality of life. Early identification of risk factors for the development of CE is likely to improve the ability to manage CE cases successfully and is, therefore, desirable. Using a case-control study, we reviewed the necropsy records of the California National Primate Research Center and identified 24 animals with recorded CE, defined as five or more incidents of emesis in 1 month.

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Article Synopsis
  • The FDA authorized BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines for infants 6 months and older in June 2022, but concerns about their long-term efficacy against new variants remain.
  • Previous studies shown that specific vaccine formulations were safe and effective in infant rhesus macaques, demonstrating persistent antibody responses for 12 months.
  • When challenged with the Delta variant, vaccinated macaques showed better viral clearance and milder symptoms compared to unvaccinated ones, suggesting that early-life vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 can be beneficial.
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Environmental enteric dysfunction is associated with malnutrition as well as infant growth stunting and has been classically defined by villous blunting, decreased crypt-to-villus ratio, and inflammation in the small intestine. Here, we characterized environmental enteric dysfunction among infant rhesus macaques that are naturally exposed to enteric pathogens commonly linked to human growth stunting. Remarkably, despite villous atrophy and histological abnormalities observed in the small intestine, poor growth trajectories and low serum tryptophan levels were correlated with increased histopathology in the large intestine.

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Objective: To describe the prescribing practices for gabapentin as an analgesic within the veterinary community.

Study Design: Anonymous online voluntary survey.

Population: A total of 718 veterinarians within the United States and Canada, including general practitioners and diplomates of the American Colleges of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, Emergency and Critical Care, Surgery and Internal Medicine.

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In a colony of rhesus macaques at California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), naturally occurring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) classified by left ventricular hypertrophy without obvious underlying diseases has been identified during necropsy over the last two decades. A preliminary pedigree analysis suggested a strong genetic predisposition of this disease with a founder effect. However, the mode of inheritance was undetermined due to insufficient pedigree data.

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Objectives: This paper describes a case of endophthalmitis in a feline patient caused by globe penetration during an infraorbital block performed to provide analgesia during rhinoscopy, and presents additional imaging and dissection data demonstrating risk of iatrogenic ocular trauma during infraorbital blocks in cats when the infraorbital canal is entered.

Methods: Case records and accompanying histopathologic reports were reviewed for the feline patient. Separately, two feline cadavers were imaged using CT following placement of 5/8" 25 G needles or 1" 22 G over the needle catheters in the infraorbital canal.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study aimed to compare the effects of two sedation protocols (alfaxalone-butorphanol and dexmedetomidine-butorphanol) on heart function in cats before and after blood donation.
  • Eleven healthy cats were sedated with each protocol at different times and underwent echocardiographic evaluations to measure changes in heart rate and other cardiac variables.
  • Results showed that dexmedetomidine significantly decreased heart rate and key heart function measurements, while alfaxalone increased heart rate and had less overall impact on heart function, suggesting it may be a better option for minimizing effects during sedation.
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A geropathology grading platform (GGP) for assessing age-related lesions has been established and validated for in inbred strain of mice. Because nonhuman primates (NHPs) share significant similarities in aging and spontaneous chronic diseases with humans, they provide excellent translational value for correlating histopathology with biological and pathological events associated with increasing age. Descriptive age-associated pathology has been described for rhesus macaques and marmosets, but a grading platform similar to the mouse GGP does not exist.

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Objective: To compare liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine (LEB) and (nonliposomal) 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (0.5BH) for control of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

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Phage display antibody libraries have proven an invaluable resource for the isolation of diagnostic and potentially therapeutic antibodies, the latter usually being antibody fragments converted into IgG formats. Recent advances in the production of highly diverse and functional antibody libraries are considered here, including for Fabs, scFvs and nanobodies. These advances include codon optimisation during generation of CDR diversity, improved display levels using novel signal sequences, molecular chaperones and isomerases and the use of highly stable scaffolds with relatively high expression levels.

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently associated with sudden cardiac death, presumably due to the development of malignant arrhythmias. The risk of sudden cardiac death due to HCM has been reported to be predicted by assessing electrocardiographic (ECG) changes including frequencies and complexities of arrhythmias as well as heart rate variability (HRV) as an assessment of autonomic balance. Sudden cardiac death in association with naturally-occurring left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been reported in a colony of rhesus macaques and is under investigation as a potential non-human primate model of human HCM.

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Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common ailment affecting captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta). ICD cases are characterized by diarrhea in the absence of commonly identified diarrheal pathogens and multiple recurrences even after supportive therapy. Histologically, the disease is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic colitis.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the quality of sedation and recovery, and ease of venipuncture following sedation for feline blood donation using two intramuscular (IM) sedation protocols: alfaxalone/butorphanol (AB) and dexmedetomidine/butorphanol (DB).

Methods: This was an experimental randomized, blinded, crossover study. Ten client-owned healthy cats were recruited to participate in the study.

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A significant proportion of children have unexplained problems acquiring proficient linguistic skills despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. Developmental language disorders are highly heritable with substantial societal impact. Molecular studies have begun to identify candidate loci, but much of the underlying genetic architecture remains undetermined.

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Children affected by Specific Language Impairment (SLI) fail to acquire age appropriate language skills despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. SLI is highly heritable, but the understanding of underlying genetic mechanisms has proved challenging. In this study, we use molecular genetic techniques to investigate an admixed isolated founder population from the Robinson Crusoe Island (Chile), who are affected by a high incidence of SLI, increasing the power to discover contributory genetic factors.

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An exploratory genome-wide copy number variant (CNV) study was performed in 127 independent cases with specific language impairment (SLI), their first-degree relatives (385 individuals) and 269 population controls. Language-impaired cases showed an increased CNV burden in terms of the average number of events (11.28 vs 10.

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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the abnormal thickening of the ventricles and an increase in cardiac mass. Analyses of 108 rhesus macaque probands with pronounced HCM revealed a strong genetic predisposition to this disease. Macaques are ideal for investigating HCM because of their marked similarity to humans genetically, physiologically and anatomically.

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Specific language impairment (SLI) is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder which occurs unexpectedly and without an obvious cause. Over a decade of research suggests that SLI is highly heritable. Several genes and loci have already been implicated in SLI through linkage and targeted association methods.

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Spontaneous morbidity primarily affecting female breeders in 3 independent breeding colonies of NSG (NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) I12rg(tm1Wjl) /SzJ) mice prompted an investigation to uncover the cause of disease. Necropsies were performed on 264 (157 female and 107 male) spontaneously sick, experimentally unmanipulated NSG mice.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study investigates how a specific mutant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects different mouse strains, particularly focusing on C57BL/6's resistance compared to BALB/c.
  • The mutant strain causes a higher mortality rate among infected mice, with all mutant-infected mice dying by 40 weeks, while only half of those with the wild type did.
  • Histological analyses revealed differing patterns of immune response in the lung tissues, indicating that factors from the mce1 operon may play a crucial role in shaping the host's immune response rather than just the number of bacteria present.
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Objective: To examine the seroprevalence, correlates, and characteristics of undetected coeliac disease in a large adult population sample in Cambridge, UK.

Methods: The Cambridge General Practice Health Study invited individuals from 12 general practices, aged 45-76 years, to attend for a health survey that included a bone density measurement, between 1990 and 1995. A total of 7550 participants' serum samples were tested for antiendomysial antibody (EMA).

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