Quantifying individual-level heterogeneity in infectiousness and susceptibility through household studies.

The spread of SARS-CoV-2, like that of many other pathogens, is governed by heterogeneity. "Superspreading," or "over-dispersion," is an important factor in transmission, yet it is hard to quantify. Estimates from contact tracing data are prone to potential biases due to the increased likelihood of detecting large clusters of cases, and may reflect variation in contact behavior more than biological heterogeneity.

Predicting climate-change induced heat-related illness risk in Grand Canyon National Park visitors.

Background: The climate crisis is the greatest public health threat of the 21st century. Excessive heat is responsible for more deaths than any other extreme weather event, and the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events are increasing globally due to climate change. Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat related illnesses (HRIs) and long-term poor health outcomes.

The adjunct use of descending neurogenic-evoked potentials when transcranial motor-evoked potentials degrade into warning criteria in pediatric spinal deformity surgery: minimizing false-positive events.

Purpose: This studies objective was to evaluate the utility of descending neurogenic-evoked potentials (DNEPs) in the setting of transcranial motor-evoked potentials (TCeMEPs) degradation into warning criteria during pediatric spinal deformity surgery.

Methods: An institutional spinal cord monitoring database was queried to identify all primary and revision pediatric spinal deformity cases, < / = 21 years of age performed from 1/2006 to 12/2021, in which TCeMEPs were the primary motor tract assessment modality which degraded into warning criteria, with subsequent initiation of adjunct DNEPs.

Results: Fourteen surgical cases (0.

Modeling the impact of xenointoxication in dogs to halt Trypanosoma cruzi transmission.

Background: Chagas disease, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions in the Americas. Dogs are important reservoirs of the parasite. Under laboratory conditions, canine treatment with the systemic insecticide fluralaner demonstrated efficacy in killing Triatoma infestans and T.

Modeling the impact of xenointoxication in dogs to halt transmission.

Background: Chagas disease, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by , affects millions in the Americas. Dogs are important reservoirs of the parasite. Under laboratory conditions, canine treatment with the systemic insecticide fluralaner demonstrated efficacy in killing and vectors, when they feed on dogs.

Quantifying individual-level heterogeneity in infectiousness and susceptibility through household studies.

The spread of SARS-CoV-2, like that of many other pathogens, is governed by heterogeneity. "Superspreading," or "over-dispersion," is an important factor in transmission, yet it is hard to quantify. Estimates from contact tracing data are prone to potential biases due to the increased likelihood of detecting large clusters of cases, and may reflect variation in contact behavior more than biological heterogeneity.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rabies reemergence in Latin America: The case of Arequipa, Peru.

In Latin America, there has been tremendous progress towards eliminating canine rabies. Major components of rabies elimination programs leading to these successes have been constant and regular surveillance for rabid dogs and uninterrupted yearly mass dog vaccination campaigns. Unfortunately, vital measures to control COVID-19 have had the negative trade-off of jeopardizing these rabies elimination and prevention activities.

Implementation of a Post-Surgical, Multimodal Analgesia Pain Management Order Set in Opioid-Naive Patients.

Background: Perioperative pain management guidelines recommend using multimodal analgesia to improve pain control while reducing opioids administered. The primary objective of this study was to assess whether implementing multimodal analgesia on general surgery postoperative pain management order sets would reduce opioid quantities postoperatively.

Methods: Opioid-naive patients undergoing nonemergent general surgery procedures were evaluated before and after order set revision.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rabies reemergence in Latin America: the case of Arequipa, Peru.

Over the past decades, there has been tremendous progress towards eliminating canine rabies in Latin America. Major components of rabies prevention programs in Latin America leading to these successes have been constant and intense surveillance for rabid dogs and uninterrupted yearly mass dog vaccination campaigns. However, vital measures to control COVID-19 in Latin America have had the negative trade-off of jeopardizing these rabies elimination and prevention activities.

Utility of Motor and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Neural Thermoprotection in Ablations of Musculoskeletal Tumors.

Purpose: To characterize the utility of monitoring transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (TCeMEPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) for neural thermoprotection during musculoskeletal tumor ablations.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective review of 29 patients (16 male; median age, 46 y; range, 7-77 y) who underwent musculoskeletal tumor radiofrequency ablation (n = 8) or cryoablation (n = 22) with intraprocedural TCeMEP and SSEP monitoring was performed. The most common tumor histologies were osteoid osteoma (n = 6), venous malformation (n = 5), sarcoma (n = 5), renal cell carcinoma (n = 4), and non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 3).

Movement patterns of free-roaming dogs on heterogeneous urban landscapes: Implications for rabies control.

In 2015, a case of canine rabies in Arequipa, Peru indicated the re-emergence of rabies virus in the city. Despite mass dog vaccination campaigns across the city and reactive ring vaccination and other control activities around positive cases (e.g.

Epidemiology of Glenohumeral Instability Related to Sporting Activities Using the FEDS (Frequency, Etiology, Direction, and Severity) Classification System: A Multicenter Analysis.

Background: Glenohumeral instability is common in athletes. There are an estimated 0.12 episodes of instability per 1000 sporting exposures.

Traditional lifestyles, transition, and implications for healthy aging: An Example from the remote island of Pohnpei, Micronesia.

Lifestyle-related, non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity have become critical concerns in the Pacific islands of Micronesia. We investigated the relationship between the diminution of traditional lifestyle practices and the decline in the health of the population in the State of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. To assess this, our interdisciplinary team developed two scales, one to rank individuals on how traditional their lifestyles were and one to rank individuals on the healthiness of their lifestyles.

Mechanisms of Nuclear Export in Cancer and Resistance to Chemotherapy.

Tumour suppressor proteins, such as p53, BRCA1, and ABC, play key roles in preventing the development of a malignant phenotype, but those that function as transcriptional regulators need to enter the nucleus in order to function. The export of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm is complex. It occurs through nuclear pores and exported proteins need a nuclear export signal (NES) to bind to nuclear exportin proteins, including CRM1 (Chromosomal Region Maintenance protein 1), and the energy for this process is provided by the RanGTP/RanGDP gradient.

Failure of Intraoperative Monitoring to Detect Postoperative Neurologic Deficits: A 25-year Experience in 12,375 Spinal Surgeries.

Study Design: Retrospective.

Objective: The purpose was to categorize and evaluate intraoperative monitoring (IOM) failure to detect neurologic deficits occurring during spinal surgery.

Summary Of Background Data: The efficacy of spinal cord/nerve root monitoring regarding undetected neurologic deficits is examined in a large, single institution series involving all levels of the spinal column and all spinal surgical procedures.

Genome Sequences of Six Paenibacillus larvae Siphoviridae Phages.

Six sequenced and annotated genomes of Paenibacillus larvae phages isolated from the combs of American foulbrood-diseased beehives are 37 to 45 kbp and have approximately 42% G+C content and 60 to 74 protein-coding genes. Phage Lily is most divergent from Diva, Rani, Redbud, Shelly, and Sitara.

Adhesive capsulitis of the hip: a review.

Adhesive capsulitis of the hip (ACH) is a rare clinical entity. Similar to adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, ACH is characterized by a painful decrease in active and passive range of motion as synovial inflammation in the acute stages of the disease progresses to capsular fibrosis in the chronic stages. Once other diagnoses have been ruled out, management of ACH is tailored to reduce inflammation in the acute stages with NSAIDs, intra-articular steroid injections, and targeted physical therapy while biomechanical dysfunction in the spine, hip, sacroiliac joint, or lower limb joints is addressed.

Significant change or loss of intraoperative monitoring data: a 25-year experience in 12,375 spinal surgeries.

Study Design: Retrospective.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to report the spectrum of intraoperative events responsible for a loss or significant change in intraoperative monitoring (IOM) data.

Summary Of Background Data: The efficacy of spinal cord/nerve root monitoring is demonstrated in a large, single institution series of patients, involving all levels of the spinal column (occiput to sacrum) and all spinal surgical procedures.

Nanocrystalline diamond nanoelectrode arrays and ensembles.

In this report, the fabrication of all-nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) by e-beam lithography as well as of all-diamond nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) using nanosphere lithography is presented. In this way, nanostructuring techniques are combined with the excellent properties of diamond that are desirable for electrochemical sensor devices. Arrays and ensembles of recessed disk electrodes with radii ranging from 150 to 250 nm and a spacing of 10 μm have been fabricated.

Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania.

Oceania is a diverse region encompassing Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Polynesia, and it contains six of the world's 39 hotspots of diversity. It has a poor record for extinctions, particularly for birds on islands and mammals. Major causes include habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, and overexploitation.

Comparison of closed chamber and open chamber evaporimetry.

Background: Recently it has been asserted that a closed chamber evaporimeter, the VapoMeter, offers advantages over standard open chamber devices in measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Purported improvements include the ability to take measurements at any angle, short reading times and insensitivity to external air currents. These claims are compelling, considering that measuring TEWL at diverse skin sites can be tedious, especially with children.

Maternal depression and anxiety effects on the human fetus: Preliminary findings and clinical implications.

Newborns of depressed and anxious mothers show biobehavioral abnormalities suggesting that maternal psychological distress has negative effects on the fetus. Two studies examined the fetuses of depressed and nondepressed mothers: (a) a cross-sectional investigation of fetal activity during the second and third trimesters and (b) an examination of behavioral and heart rate response to vibratory stimulation in late-gestation fetuses. Fetuses of depressed mothers were more active during the fifth, sixth, and seventh gestational months.

An NGO approach for addressing the nutrition dilemma: Pohnpei focuses on awareness, food analysis, conservation, and food processing.

The establishment of the Island Food Community of Pohnpei, a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, presents a new approach for promoting Pacific Island food for its health and many other benefits. Its vision is holistic, stressing the importance of island food for sustainable development, economic benefits, self-reliance, improved health, cultural preservation, and human dignity, at the same time protecting the natural resources. A major reason for the establishment of this NGO is the emergence of an epidemic of nutrition-related health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, cancer, vitamin A deficiency, and anemia.

Correlation between low triggered electromyographic thresholds and lumbar pedicle screw malposition: analysis of 4857 screws.

Study Design: A retrospective analysis of 1078 spinal surgical procedures with lumbar pedicle screw placement at a single institution.

Objective: Based on previously established normative values, triggered electromyographic stimulation (TrgEMG) was re-examined to evaluate its efficacy in determining screw malposition.

Summary Of Background Data: Threshold values for confirmation of intraosseous placement of pedicle screws with EMG stimulation is controversial.