The impact of a statewide insulin copay cap policy for insured patients with diabetes in Utah.

Background: Insulin affordability is a huge concern for patients with diabetes in the United States. On March 30, 2020, Utah signed House Bill 207 into law, aimed at capping copayments for insulin at $30 for a 30-day supply. The bill was enacted on January 1, 2021.

Bicarbonate as a predictor of successful insulin transition in critically ill patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with intravenous insulin is effective but resource intensive. Treatment guidelines recommend transitioning to subcutaneous insulin when the anion gap closes, but transition failures due to recrudescent ketoacidosis are common despite adherence to treatment protocols following such guidance.

Study Objective: The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the ability of serum bicarbonate levels of ≤16 mEq/L to predict intravenous to subcutaneous transition failures among those with a normal anion gap at the time of transition.

Understanding patient cost-sharing thresholds for diabetes treatment attributes via a discrete choice experiment.

The process used to prefer certain products across drug classes for diabetes is generally focused on comparative effectiveness and cost. However, payers rarely tie patient preference for treatment attributes to formulary management resulting in a misalignment of value defined by providers, payers, and patients. To explore patients' willingness to pay (WTP) for the predetermined high-value and low-value type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatments within a health plan.

Microglial knockdown does not affect acute withdrawal but delays analgesic tolerance from oxycodone in male and female C57BL/6J mice.

Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) affects approximately 8%-12% of the population. In dependent individuals, abrupt cessation of opioid taking results in adverse withdrawal symptoms that reinforce drug taking behavior. Considerable unmet clinical need exists for new pharmacotherapies to treat opioid withdrawal as well as improve long-term abstinence.

A commentary on ethical decision-making in the pharmacy profession and the APhA Code of Ethics.

The American Pharmacists Association Code of Ethics ("Code") was established in 1852 and has undergone 5 modifications, most recently in 1994. As point of care shifts from product to cognitive clinical service, pharmacists are expected to encounter an increasing quantity and complexity of ethical and moral dilemmas. In view of this professional transformation and current worldwide challenges, this seems an appropriate time for dialogue on a modification of the Code.

Concussion Symptom Cutoffs for Identification and Prognosis of Sports-Related Concussion: Role of Time Since Injury.

Background: Symptom reporting with scales such as the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) is one of the most sensitive markers of concussed status and/or recovery time, It is known that time from injury until initial clinic visit affects symptom presentation and recovery outcomes, but no study to date has evaluated changes in clinical cutoff scores for the PCSS based on earlier versus later clinical presentation postconcussion.

Purpose: To evaluate if time since injury after sports-related concussion (SRC) affects clinical cutoff scores for total PCSS and PCSS factors in differentiating athletes with SRC from healthy controls and predicting prolonged recovery (>30 days) after SRC.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity and comorbid disorders.

Bupropion is a unique antidepressant with noradrenergic and to a lesser extent dopaminergic effects. These have led investigators to explore bupropion's efficacy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, which are believed to be related to aberrations in catecholamines. An expanding body of research has demonstrated bupropion's efficacy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders over the lifespan.