siRNA-induced liver ApoB knockdown lowers serum LDL-cholesterol in a mouse model with human-like serum lipids.

Increased serum apolipoprotein (apo)B and associated LDL levels are well-correlated with an increased risk of coronary disease. ApoE⁻/⁻ and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)⁻/⁻ mice have been extensively used for studies of coronary atherosclerosis. These animals show atherosclerotic lesions similar to those in humans, but their serum lipids are low in apoB-containing LDL particles.

SAR studies: designing potent and selective LXR agonists.

Counterscreening compounds from a Merck PPAR program discovered lead 1, as a nanomolar LXR/PPAR dual agonist. SAR optimization developed a series of heterocyclic LXR agonists having excellent selectivity over all PPAR isoforms and possessing high LXR affinity and strong in vivo potency.

Different roles of liver X receptor alpha and beta in lipid metabolism: effects of an alpha-selective and a dual agonist in mice deficient in each subtype.

Liver X receptor (LXR) alpha and LXRbeta are closely related nuclear receptors that respond to elevated levels of intracellular cholesterol by enhancing transcription of genes that control cholesterol efflux and fatty acid biosynthesis. The consequences of inactivation of either LXR isoform have been thoroughly studied, as have the effects of simultaneous activation of both LXRalpha and LXRbeta by synthetic compounds. We here describe the effects of selective activation of LXRalpha or LXRbeta on lipid metabolism.

Type 1 diabetes genes and pathways shared by humans and NOD mice.

The identification of causative genes for the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and candidate genes in the NOD mouse has made significant progress in recent years. In addition to sharing structural aspects of the MHC class II molecules that confer susceptibility or resistance to T1D, genes and pathways contributing to autoimmune pathogenesis are held in common by the two species. There are data demonstrating a similar need to establish central tolerance to insulin.

Fine mapping, gene content, comparative sequencing, and expression analyses support Ctla4 and Nramp1 as candidates for Idd5.1 and Idd5.2 in the nonobese diabetic mouse.

At least two loci that determine susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse have been mapped to chromosome 1, Idd5.1 (insulin-dependent diabetes 5.1) and Idd5.