Surgical Management of Arteriovenous Malformation in the Foot: A Case Study.

Arteriovenous malformations are frequently found in the head and neck, and are occasionally associated with congenital syndromes. They are rarely reported in the foot and ankle; however, when encountered in these particular locations, they may become painful and interfere with ambulation. Because of the lack of literature on pedal arteriovenous malformations, they remain enigmatic when encountered clinically.

Surgical Considerations: Repair of Long Segment Defect Posterior Tibial Tendon Using Fresh Frozen Tibial Tendon Allograft.

Tibialis posterior (TP) tendon ruptures are common after ankle injuries, degenerative processes, or biomechanical instability. The TP tendon decelerates the subtalar joint pronation and internal rotation of the leg during the contact phase. It also plantarflexes and inverts the foot on the leg during the static phase of gait.