Calculus migration characterization during Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy by high-speed camera using suspended pendulum method.

Calculus migration is a common problem during ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy procedure to treat urolithiasis. A conventional experimental method to characterize calculus migration utilized a hosting container (e.g.

Water content contribution in calculus phantom ablation during Q-switched Tm:YAG laser lithotripsy.

Q-switched (QS) Tm:YAG laser ablation mechanisms on urinary calculi are still unclear to researchers. Here, dependence of water content in calculus phantom on calculus ablation performance was investigated. White gypsum cement was used as a calculus phantom model.