Magnetic biochar derived from waste palm kernel shell for biodiesel production via sulfonation.

Due to its environment-friendly and replenishable characteristics, biodiesel has the potential to substitute fossil fuels as an alternative source of energy. Although biodiesel has many benefits to offer, manufacturing biodiesel on an industrial scale is uneconomical as a high cost of feedstock is required. A novel sulfonated and magnetic catalyst synthesised from a palm kernel shell (PMB-SOH) was first introduced in this study for methyl ester or biodiesel production to reduce capital costs.