Taenia crassiceps carbohydrates stimulate IL-6 expression in naïve murine macrophages via Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

In murine infections of Schistosoma mansoni and Taenia crassiceps, a characteristic polarization of the immune response from a Th-1 type to a Th-2 type occurs with progression of infection. In S. mansoni, egg glycoprotein carbohydrates are said to be responsible for this immunomodulatory activity.