Other ways of financing your company.

The public markets aren't what they used to be and venture capitalists are seeking investments with shorter timelines. But the good news is several new sources of financing are becoming available.

Reflections on the cot death cases.

Sally Clark, Angela Cannings and Trupti Patel not only suffered the tragic sudden deaths of two or more babies. They were then accused, and in the first two cases convicted, of their murder. The misuse of statistics at Sally Clark's trial had profound consequences, especially for her, but also for the subsequent cases.

Autoradiography in opioid triple knockout mice reveals opioid and opioid receptor like binding of naloxone benzoylhydrazone.

Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH) is a ligand used to study opioid receptors. It has been suggested to act at a novel kappa3 receptor but also appears to bind to classical opioid receptors, and possibly the ORL1 receptor. We have used opioid receptor triple knockout mice, deficient in genes coding for the mu, delta and kappa-receptor, to characterise the relative contributions of opioid and ORL1 activity to the binding of this ligand, by carrying out receptor autoradiography with [3H]NalBzoH.

Autoradiography of opioid and ORL1 ligands in opioid receptor triple knockout mice.

Three genes for the opioid receptors ( micro, delta and kappa) and a gene coding for a related receptor (ORL1) have been cloned but pharmacological studies suggest that further subtypes exist that remain poorly understood. To determine if there are other classically defined opioid binding sites we have carried out homogenate binding and section autoradiography with [3H]naloxone in mice that lack all three opioid genes and are hyperalgesic in a thermal nociceptive test. We have also examined [3H]bremazocine labelling in triple knockout brain and spinal cord as this ligand has been proposed to label novel kappa-receptors.

The minimum energy hypothesis: a unified model of fixation resolution.

Objective: To present a new theoretical construct, the Minimum Energy Hypothesis, which explains structural changes observed in the spine concomitant to spinal joint fixation resolution in initial investigations.

Design: Theoretical analysis.

Hypothesis: A unified theory of manipulative effectiveness is proposed that integrates the fixation and sensory tonus models of manipulation.