Case report: absent C6 cervical pedicle in a collegiate football player.

Congenital absence of a cervical pedicle is a rare clinical finding with only 70 reported cases in the literature from 1946 until present. The congenitally absent pedicle has clinical importance owing to the frequency of misdiagnosis and inappropriate invasive treatments. We present the case of a 21-year-old college football player who experienced neck and shoulder pain after violent twisting of his neck by the face mask.

Effect of posterior capsule tightness on glenohumeral translation in the late-cocking phase of pitching.

Context: Throwing injuries.

Objective: To study the effects of posterior capsule tightness on humeral head position in late cocking simulation.

Design: Eight fresh frozen shoulders were placed in position of "late cocking," 90 degrees abduction, and 10 degrees adduction and maximal external rotation.