Surfactant modified coconut husk fiber as a green alternative sorbent for micro-solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides at trace level in environmental water, soybean milk, fruit juice and alcoholic beverage samples.

In this work, micro-solid phase extraction using surfactant modified biosorbent was investigated for trace level determination of triazole fungicides prior to their analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Coconut husk fiber (CHF) was selected as an effective biosorbent in the extraction process. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to characterize the modified biosorbent.

Preconcentration of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Edible Fried Insects Using Surfactant-Assisted Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent for Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction prior to HPLC.

Thermal processing techniques are often accompanied by the production of many harmful compounds such as heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). To protect human health, an efficient and environmentally friendly method, namely, homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME), was investigated. This method is based on a surfactant-assisted hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the determination of HAAs in edible fried insect samples prior to their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection.

Trace-Level Determination of Triazole Fungicides Using Effervescence-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Prior to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

A simple and sensitive preconcentration method, namely, effervescence-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction based on the ternary deep eutectic solvent method, was developed for enrichment of triazole fungicide residues prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection. In this method, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (as extractant) was prepared by combination of octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. The solution was well dispersed with sodium bicarbonate (as effervescence powder) without using auxiliary devices.

Efficient analyses of triazole fungicides in water, honey and soy milk samples by popping candy-generated CO and sugaring-out-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction prior to HPLC determinations.

An enrichment method, namely popping candy-generated CO and sugaring-out-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (PGS-SUPRA), was investigated for the determination of triazole fungicide residues in water, honey and soy milk samples. The extraction process was carried out by adding popping candies into a centrifuge tube. Consequently, rapid dispersion and mass transfer of extractants can be achieved without using dispersants and auxiliary devices, and therefore, the extraction efficiency increased.

Simultaneous Preconcentration of Triazole Fungicide Residues Using In-Situ Coacervative Extraction Based on a Double-Solvent Supramolecular System Prior to High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis.

An in situ coacervative extraction (IS-CAE) based on a double-solvent supramolecular system coupled to liquid-liquid microextraction is investigated for extraction and enrichment of triazole fungicides. The formation of a double-solvent supramolecular system was generated by in situ formation and used as an extraction solvent for the coacervative extraction method. No disperser solvent was required.

Modified Peanut Shell as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Effective Extraction of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Surface Water and Honey Samples before Their Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

An eco-friendly sample preparation method that is based on the use of a modified peanut shell as an efficient biosorbent for the extraction of triazole residues before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was reported. The four triazole fungicides were separated on a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.

An In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid for Enrichment of Triazole Fungicides in Food Applications Followed by HPLC Determination.

An in situ formation of ionic liquid was used for preconcentration of four triazole fungicides in food samples. The microextraction method was used for the first time in the literature for preconcentration of triazole fungicides. In the developed method, tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide ([P]Br) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF) were used for the formation of hydrophobic ionic liquid.

In-Situ Formation of Modified Nickel-Zinc-Layered Double Hydroxide Followed by HPLC Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Residues.

A single-step preconcentration procedure using the in-situ formation of modified nickel-zinc-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is investigated for the determination of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in honey samples. The LDHs could be prepared by the sequential addition of sodium hydroxide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, nickel nitrate 6-hydrate and zinc nitrate 6-hydrate, which were added to the sample solution. The co-precipitate phase and phase separation were obtained by centrifugation, and then the precipitate phase was dissolved in formic acid (concentrate) prior to HPLC analysis.

An Eco-Friendly Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Residues in Water, Soil and Egg Yolk Samples.

A green, simple and sensitive hydrophobic DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the analysis of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in various samples. A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized using decanoic acid as a hydrogen bond donor and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as a hydrogen bond-acceptor. DESs were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

β-Cyclodextrin Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of the Floating Organic Droplets Method for Determination of Neonicotinoid Residues.

An efficient and environment-friendly microextraction method, namely, β-cyclodextrin assisted liquid-liquid microextraction, based on solidification of the floating organic droplets method coupled with HPLC is investigated for the sensitive determination of trace neonicotinoid pesticide residues. In this method, β-cyclodextrin is used as a disperser solvent, while 1-octanol is selected as an extraction solvent. β-cyclodextrins was found to decrease interfacial tension and increase the contact area between the organic and water phases with the help of centrifugation.

Ultrasonically Modified Amended-Cloud Point Extraction for Simultaneous Pre-Concentration of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Residues.

An effective pre-concentration method, namely amended-cloud point extraction (CPE), has been developed for the extraction and pre-concentration of neonicotinoid insecticide residues. The studied analytes including clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid were chosen as a model compound. The amended-CPE procedure included two cloud point processes.