Tissue Models for Research-From 2D to 3D.

is a human-specific pathogen that causes gonorrhea, the second most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disease progression, drug discovery, and basic host-pathogen interactions are studied using different approaches, which rely on models ranging from 2D cell culture to complex 3D tissues and animals. In this review, we discuss the models used in research.

Triple co-culture and perfusion bioreactor for studying the interaction between and neutrophils: A novel 3D tissue model for bacterial infection and immunity.

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria , is characterized by a large number of neutrophils recruited to the site of infection. Therefore, proper modeling of the interaction with neutrophils is very important for investigating and understanding the mechanisms that gonococci use to evade the immune response. We have used a combination of a unique human 3D tissue model together with a dynamic culture system to study neutrophil transmigration to the site of infection.