Cross-cultural adaption of the computerized assessment of information processing battery (COGNITO) for an Indian longitudinal study on rural elderly.

Introduction: Testing cognitive functions in Indians with low literacy and linguistic diversity is challenging. We describe the adaptation process of a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery to suit both literate and illiterate aging rural Indians.

Methods: Following the International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation, we adapted the COGNITO battery.

Early hippocampal hyperexcitability and synaptic reorganization in mouse models of amyloidosis.

The limited success of plaque-reducing therapies in Alzheimer's disease suggests that early treatment might be more effective in delaying or reversing memory impairments. Toward this end, it is important to establish the progression of synaptic and circuit changes before onset of plaques or cognitive deficits. Here, we used quantitative, fluorescence-based methods for synapse detection in CA1 pyramidal neurons to investigate the interaction between abnormal circuit activity, measured by Fos-immunoreactivity, and synapse reorganization in mouse models of amyloidosis.

Distribution of biochemical and haematological parameters in an aging population from southern India: A cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Examining the distribution of biochemical and haematological tests in different age groups of rural population is necessary to ensure that health care facilities are equipped to address the prevalent health conditions and manage age-related illness effectively. Hence, this study is aimed at seeing the distributions of blood biochemical and haematological parameters in rural population.

Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the distribution of 26 different haematological and biochemical parameters in longitudinal cohort study (Srinivaspura Aging, NeuoSenescence and COGnition - SANSCOG), from the villages of Srinivaspura, Kolar district, India.

Real-world effectiveness of ustekinumab and vedolizumab in TNF-exposed pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis.

Objectives: Vedolizumab (VDZ) and ustekinumab (UST) are second-line treatments in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) refractory to antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy. Pediatric studies comparing the effectiveness of these medications are lacking. Using a registry from ImproveCareNow (ICN), a global research network in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, we compared the effectiveness of UST and VDZ in anti-TNF refractory UC.

Percutaneous elevation of proximal tibia depressed fractures using modified new instrument.

Proximal tibia depression fracture often occur isolated or in conjunction with complex fracture presentations and elevation of such depression is required to retard arthritis in long term. Conventional open reduction by sub meniscal approach has many percutaneous alternatives from arthroscopy assisted reduction to balloon tibioplasty. Few authors even reported usage of PCL jig and percutaneous pins to elevate, while the primary author has previously described an instrument to elevate the depressed fragment percutaneously.

Gulf war toxicant-induced effects on the hippocampal dendritic arbor are reversed by treatment with a extract.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom disorder that manifests with fatigue, sleep disturbances, mood-cognition pathologies, and musculoskeletal symptoms. GWI affects at least 25% of the military personnel that served in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm from 1990 to 1991. We modeled Gulf War toxicant exposure in C57BL/6J mice by combined exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (an anti-sarin drug), chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate insecticide), and DEET (an insect repellent) for 10 days followed by oral treatment with root extract for 21 days beginning at 12 weeks post-exposure.

Personalizing treatment selection in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from fifteen randomized controlled trials.

Background: Meta-analyses have found anti-TNF drugs to be the best treatment, on average, for Crohn's disease. We performed a subgroup analysis to determine if it is possible to achieve more efficacious outcomes by individualizing treatment selection.

Methods: We obtained participant-level data from 15 trials of FDA-approved treatments (N=5703).

Robust Oscillations and Edge Modes in Nonunitary Floquet Systems.

We explore oscillatory behavior in a family of periodically driven spin chains which are subject to a weak measurement followed by postselection. We discover a transition to an oscillatory phase as the strength of the measurement is increased. By mapping these spin chains to free fermion models, we find that this transition is reflected in the opening of a gap in the imaginary direction.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on some modifiable risk factors of dementia in an aging, rural Indian population.

Introduction: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns is likely to have caused adverse changes in lifestyle-related/cardiovascular risk factors and other such modifiable risk factors of dementia. We aimed to examine the pandemic's impact on some modifiable risk factors of dementia among rural Indians belonging to a large, prospective aging cohort-Srinivaspura Aging, NeuoSenescence, and COGnition (SANSCOG).

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among adults aged ≥ 45 years ( = 3,148; 1,492 males and 1,656 females) residing in the villages of Srinivaspura in Karnataka state, India.

Sex difference in evolution of cognitive decline: studies on mouse model and the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network cohort.

Women carry a higher burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to men, which is not accounted entirely by differences in lifespan. To identify the mechanisms underlying this effect, we investigated sex-specific differences in the progression of familial AD in humans and in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. Activity dependent protein translation and associative learning and memory deficits were examined in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice and wild-type mice.

Genes critical for development and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons are downregulated in Parkinson's disease.

We performed transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing on substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) from mice after acute and chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment and from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Acute and chronic exposure to MPTP resulted in decreased expression of genes involved in sodium channel regulation. However, upregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways was seen after single dose but not after chronic MPTP treatment.

Srinivaspura Aging, Neuro Senescence and COGnition (SANSCOG) study: Study protocol.

Introduction: Prospective, population-based, aging, and cognition studies are an important approach to understand normal and pathological aging processes.

Methods: This is a longitudinal, community-based cohort study (n = 10,000) in rural India, with long-term follow-up for comprehensive evaluation of risk and protective factors associated with cognitive changes during aging. All participants will undergo comprehensive clinical, neurocognitive, and biochemical assessments.

Prevalence of neuropsychiatric conditions and cognitive impairment in two parallel, aging study cohorts from rural and urban India.

Introduction: With the rising proportion of the elderly in India, the burden of neuropsychiatric conditions and cognitive impairment is escalating.

Methods: Baseline data of cognitively healthy subjects ≥45 years of age, from two longitudinal, aging cohorts in rural (n = 3262) and urban (n = 693) India, were used to calculate prevalence of depression, early-life stressful events, stroke, head injury, and cognitive impairment.

Results: Depression prevalence was significantly higher in rural than urban subjects, with female preponderance in both groups.

Protein Glutathionylation and Glutaredoxin: Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. One of the major enzyme systems involved in the defense against reactive oxygen species are the tripeptide glutathione and oxidoreductase glutaredoxin. Glutathione and glutaredoxin system are very important in the brain because of the oxidative modification of protein thiols to protein glutathione mixed disulfides with the concomitant formation of oxidized glutathione during oxidative stress.

Comparison of risk factors for dementia among rural and urban elderly adults-data from two cohort studies in India.

Introduction: Studies on risk factors for dementia in India, especially rural India, are sparse and therefore we aimed to assess risk factors in a rural cohort on aging and compare it with an urban cohort.

Methods: We are presenting baseline data on proportion of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) scores in both cohorts.

Results: The rural cohort is younger and less educated than the urban cohort.

COGNITO (Computerized assessment of adult information processing): Normative scores for a rural Indian population from the SANSCOG study.

Introduction: Neuropsychological assessments are inexpensive and efficient methods to understand the cognitive abilities of individuals in research studies and clinical settings. Normative scores for such measures are crucial in serving as a reference standard for identifying cognitively healthy and impaired individuals belonging to similar sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods: Study subjects in rural India recruited into the Srinivaspura Aging, Neuro Senescence and Cognition (SANSCOG) study were administered the COGNITO battery of tests, which traverse cognitive domains of attention, memory, language, and visuospatial abilities.

Approaches to engage an aging, rural cohort in southern India during the COVID-19 crisis and the psychological impact of COVID-19 in this cohort.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic produced an unprecedented crisis across the world. Long-term cohort studies were stalled, including our longitudinal aging cohort study in rural India.

Methods: We describe approaches undertaken to engage with our cohort (n = 1830) through multiple rounds of calls and how we provided useful services to our subjects during the lockdown period.

Depression and anxiety during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in two large, prospective, aging cohorts in rural and urban India.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a wide variety of adverse consequences, including disruption of long-term, human research studies globally. Two long-term, prospective, aging cohort studies, namely, Srinivaspura Aging, Neurosenescence and COGnition (SANSCOG) study and Tata Longitudinal Study of Aging (TLSA), conducted in rural and urban India, respectively, had to be suspended during first and second waves of COVID-19.

Methods: We conducted telephonic assessments to screen for depression and anxiety in the above two cohorts comprising of adults ≥45 years, during the first wave (2020) and second wave (2021) lockdown periods in India.

Rural-urban and gender differences in metabolic syndrome in the aging population from southern India: Two parallel, prospective cohort studies.

Background: Despite the growing evidence of metabolic syndrome as a major risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, there are limited studies from India on its prevalence, especially in the aging population. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities in two prospective, aging cohorts from rural and urban India.

Methods: In these two parallel, prospective, aging (≥ 45 years) cohorts, the samples included 2171 people from rural India (Srinivaspura Aging, Neuro Senescence and COGnition, SANSCOG cohort; April 23, 2018 to Sept 25, 2021) and 332 people from urban India (Tata Longitudinal Study on Aging, TLSA cohort; July 8, 2015 to Oct 23, 2021).

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: knowledge and perceptions of medical professionals on the usage of bone modifying agents and dental referrals.

Bone modifying agents (BMA) like bisphosphonates, antiangiogenic, and antiresorptive agents are widely used to manage bone diseases and cancer. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a potentially serious complication seen in patients on BMA therapy. Dental infection is one of the primary risk factors for MRONJ manifestation; hence its complete removal before initiation of BMA is significant.

Normative data for three physical frailty parameters in an aging, rural Indian population.

Introduction: Physical frailty is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. Since physical characteristics markedly vary with different populations, population-specific norms for physical frailty parameters are necessary. Such norms are lacking for the Indian population, especially for older, rural Indians.

Changing demography and the challenge of dementia in India.

In India, increasing lifespan and decreasing fertility rates have resulted in a growing number of older persons. By 2050, people over 60 years of age are predicted to constitute 19.1% of the total population.

Burden of Vitamin D, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiencies in an Aging, Rural Indian Community.

The important role of micronutrient deficiencies in aging-related disorders including dementia is becoming increasingly evident. However, information on their burden in India is scarce, especially, among aging and rural communities. Prevalence of vitamin D, B12 and folic acid deficiency was measured in an ongoing, aging cohort, from rural India-Srinivaspura Aging Neurosenescence and COGnition (SANSCOG) study cohort.

Optimization of Extraction Solvent and Fast Blue BB Assay for Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Phenolics from L.

Melon ( L.) fruits contain multiple health-promoting compounds, including phenolic compounds, which are antioxidants. Accurate measurement of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents (TPCs) require an efficient solvent extraction.