Propofol for pediatric tracheal intubation with deep anesthesia during sevoflurane induction: dosing according to elapsed time for two age groups.

Study Objective: To determine, for two different age groups, the effect of duration of sevoflurane administration on the amount of propofol needed when performing tracheal intubation.

Design: Classic Dixon's Up-and-Down sequential method.

Setting: University based operating rooms.

Beyond opioid patient-controlled analgesia: a systematic review of analgesia after major spine surgery.

Postoperative pain control in patients undergoing spine surgery remains a challenge for the anesthesiologist. In addition to incisional pain, these patients experience pain arising from deeper tissues such as bones, ligaments, muscles, intervertebral disks, facet joints, and damaged nerve roots. The pain from these structures may be more severe and can lead to neural sensitization and release of mediators both peripherally and centrally.