Ultrasound-Guided Occipital Nerve Blocks as Part of Multi-Modal Perioperative Analgesia in Pediatric Posterior Craniotomies: A Case Series.

Various regional anesthetics have been used for postoperative analgesia for pediatric craniotomy. In this case series, we report retrospectively collected data on postoperative pain and analgesic use in 44 patients who received ultrasound-guided occipital nerve blocks in addition to intravenous analgesic agents for posterior craniotomy procedures. In the immediate post-anesthesia care unit, pain was rated as zero or well controlled in 77% of patients, with only 43% requiring intravenous or demand patient-controlled analgesia opioids.

The Effect of Systemic Magnesium on Postsurgical Pain in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomies: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Tonsillectomy is a frequently performed surgical procedure in children; however, few multimodal analgesic strategies have been shown to improve postsurgical pain in this patient population. Systemic magnesium infusions have been shown to reliably improve postoperative pain in adults, but their effects in pediatric surgical patients remain to be determined. In the current investigation, our main objective was to evaluate the use of systemic magnesium to improve postoperative pain in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy.

Interventional Procedures for Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Current Evidence.

This review discusses the role of interventional procedures in the treatment of chronic pain in children and adolescents. Due to lack of scientific evidence, significant controversy surrounds the utility of invasive techniques for managing pediatric chronic pain states. Interventional procedures are a widely accepted modality for pain management in adults.

A randomized comparison of the laryngeal mask airway supreme™ and laryngeal mask airway unique™ in infants and children: does cuff pressure influence leak pressure?

Background: The cuff pressure for optimal airway sealing with first-generation laryngeal mask airway has been shown to be 40 cm H(2)O in children. Currently, there are no data regarding the ideal intracuff pressure for the laryngeal mask airway Supreme (Supreme) in children.

Objectives: To compare the clinical performance of the laryngeal mask airway supreme with the laryngeal mask airway unique in infants and children.

A randomized equivalence trial comparing the i-gel and laryngeal mask airway Supreme in children.

Background: The laryngeal mask airway Supreme (Supreme) is a new single-use supraglottic device with gastric access capability now available in all sizes for children.

Objectives: To compare the i-gel with the Supreme in children for routine airway maintenance.

Materials/methods: One hundred and seventy children, aged 3 months to 11 years, 5-50 kg in weight, were randomly assigned to receive either the i-gel or the Supreme.

A randomized trial comparing the Ambu ® Aura-i ™ with the air-Q ™ intubating laryngeal airway as conduits for tracheal intubation in children.

Objectives: To assess the clinical performance of the Ambu Aura-i (Aura-i) in children.

Aim: To compare the Aura-i with the air-Q intubating laryngeal airway (air-Q) for the purposes of fiberoptic-guided tracheal intubation.

Background: The Aura-i is a new supraglottic airway designed for tracheal intubation.

Charge at the lidocaine binding site residue Phe-1759 affects permeation in human cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels.

Our homology molecular model of the open/inactivated state of the Na(+) channel pore predicts, based on extensive mutagenesis data, that the local anaesthetic lidocaine docks eccentrically below the selectivity filter, such that physical occlusion is incomplete. Electrostatic field calculations suggest that the drug's positively charged amine produces an electrostatic barrier to permeation. To test the effect of charge at this pore level on permeation in hNa(V)1.