Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Australian Groundwater Through the Improvised Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection Technique.

Assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from contaminated sites demands routine and reliable measurement at trace levels. However, the detection limits of these methods need to be improved. This study developed the programmable temperature vaporization-large volume injection (PTV-LVI) method to quantify TPHs through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

One-step green synthesis of bimetallic Fe/Pd nanoparticles used to degrade Orange II.

To reduce cost and enhance reactivity, bimetallic Fe/Pd nanoparticles (NPs) were firstly synthesized using grape leaf aqueous extract to remove Orange II. Green synthesized bimetallic Fe/Pd NPs (98.0%) demonstrated a far higher ability to remove Orange II in 12h compared to Fe NPs (16.

Novel methodologies for automatically and simultaneously determining BTEX components using FTIR spectra.

This study introduced a patented novel methodological system for automatically analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) spectrum data located at 'fingerprint' region (wavenumber 670-800 cm(-1)), to simultaneously determinate multiple petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in real mixture samples. This system includes: an object oriented baseline correction; Band decomposition (curve fitting) method with mathematical optimization; and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for determination, which is suitable for the characteristics of this IR regions, where the spectra are normally with low signal to noise ratio and high density of peaks. BTEX components are potentially lethal carcinogens and contained in many petroleum products.

An integrated biodegradation and nano-oxidation used for the remediation of naphthalene from aqueous solution.

The remediation of toxic persistent organic contaminants in the environment has raised a need for effective cleanup methods. In this study, an integrated remediation technique based on biodegradation of naphthalene using Bacillus fusiformis and Fenton oxidation of their degraded metabolites using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). A 99.

Chemical oxidization of some AFFFs leads to the formation of 6:2FTS and 8:2FTS.

The present study tested some aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) products for the presence of or the potential to form 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (6:2FTS) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (8:2FTS). The results demonstrated the appearance of significant levels of 6:2FTS and 8:2FTS after the oxidization of those AFFFs. The authors concluded that fluorotelomer skeletons exist but are derived from those formulations of AFFFs.

Inhibition or promotion of biodegradation of nitrate by Paracoccus sp. in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron.

To investigate the effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the growth of Paracoccus sp. strain and biodenitrification under aerobic conditions, specific factors were studied, pH, concentration of nitrate, Fe (II) and carbon dioxide. Low concentration of nZVI (50mg/L) promoted both cell growth and biodegradation of nitrate which rose from 69.

Calcium alginate encapsulated Ni/Fe nanoparticles beads for simultaneous removal of Cu (II) and monochlorobenzene.

Calcium alginate encapsulated Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles beads (CA-Ni/Fe beads) were synthesized to simultaneously remove Cu (II) and monochlorobenzene (MCB) from aqueous solution. SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses confirmed that Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles were not oxidized and successfully encapsulated by calcium alginate (CA). The experiments showed that the encapsulation process improved the simultaneous removal efficiency of Cu (II) and MCB, from 83.

Fenton-like oxidation of 2,4-DCP in aqueous solution using iron-based nanoparticles as the heterogeneous catalyst.

In this report, various iron-based nanoparticles (nZVI, n-Ni/Fe, n-Pd/Fe) were used for both heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and reductive dechlorination of 2,4-DCP in order to understand their roles in the Fenton oxidation and the reductive degradation of 2,4-DCP. The dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP using nZVI, n-Ni/Fe, n-Fe/Pd and Fe(2)(+) was 6.48%, 6.

Green synthesized conditions impacting on the reactivity of Fe NPs for the degradation of malachite green.

This study investigates green tea extract synthesized conditions impacting on the reactivity of iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) used for the degradation of malachite green (MG), including the volume ratio of Fe(2+) and tea extract, the solution pH and temperature. Results indicated that the reactivity of Fe NPs increased with higher temperature, but fell with increasing pH and the volume ratio of Fe(2+) and tea extract. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that Fe NPs were spherical in shape, their diameter was 70-80 nm and they were mainly composed of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Functional kaolinite supported Fe/Ni nanoparticles for simultaneous catalytic remediation of mixed contaminants (lead and nitrate) from wastewater.

Kaolinite supported bimetallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles (K-Fe/Ni) demonstrated capacity for simultaneous removal of both cationic and anionic contaminants such as Pb (II) and NO3(-). The dispersion of Fe/Ni nanoparticles was improved when kaolinite was used as a stabilizer, and also enhanced the reactivity of K-Fe/Ni. The adsorption of Pb (II) onto the kaolinite and the consequent simultaneous catalytic reduction of Pb (II) and NO3(-) kaolinite were confirmed by SEM, BET, EDS, XRD and batch adsorption-reduction test.

Pathways of reductive degradation of crystal violet in wastewater using free-strain Burkholderia vietnamiensis C09V.

A new strain isolated from activated sludge and identified as Burkholderia vietnamiensis C09V was used to biodegrade crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution. To understand the degradation pathways of CV, batch experiments showed that the degradation using B. vietnamiensis C09V significantly depended on conditions such as pH, initial dye concentration and media components, carbon and nitrogen sources.

Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles by various tea extracts: comparative study of the reactivity.

Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) are often synthesized using sodium borohydride with aggregation, which is a high cost process and environmentally toxic. To address these issues, Fe NPs were synthesized using green methods based on tea extracts, including green, oolong and black teas. The best method for degrading malachite green (MG) was Fe NPs synthesized by green tea extracts because it contains a high concentration of caffeine/polyphenols which act as both reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of Fe NPs.

Burkholderia vietnamiensis C09V as the functional biomaterial used to remove crystal violet and Cu(II).

Burkholderia vietnamiensis C09V (B.V. C09V) was used to remove both crystal violet (CV) and Cu(II) because dye effluents often contain dyes and metal ions.

Enhancement of catalytic degradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solution using clay supported bimetallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles.

Despite bimetallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles have been extensively used to remediate groundwater, they have not been used for the catalytic degradation of amoxicillin (AMX). In this study, bentonite-supported bimetallic Fe/Ni (B-Fe/Ni) nanoparticles were used to degrade AMX in aqueous solution. More than 94% of AMX was removed using B-Fe/Ni, while only 84% was removed by Fe/Ni at an initial concentration of 60 mg L(-1) within 60 min due to bentonite serving as the support mechanism, leading to a decrease in aggregation of Fe/Ni nanoparticles, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Functional clay supported bimetallic nZVI/Pd nanoparticles used for removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution.

Bentonite supported Fe/Pd nanoparticles (B/nZVI/Pd) were synthesized as composites that exhibit functionalities assisting in the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution. The results showed that 91.87% of MO was removed using B/nZVI/Pd, while only 85% and 1.

Synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles using oolong tea extract for the degradation of malachite green.

Iron-based nanoparticles (OT-FeNP) were synthesized using oolong tea extracts. Their morphology, structure and size were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Formation of FeNP results in mostly spherical particles with diameters ranging from 40 to 50 nm.

Impact of iron-based nanoparticles on microbial denitrification by Paracoccus sp. strain YF1.

This study investigates the effects of Fe and Fe/Ni nanoparticles on biological denitrification when using Paracoccus sp. strain YF1. Results show that adding Fe and Fe/Ni nanoparticles to the cells decreased their growth and denitrification rate.

Heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of monochlorobenzene using green synthesis of iron nanoparticles.

Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) were synthesized using tea extracts as a catalyst for the Fenton-like oxidation of monochlorobenzene (MCB), where 69%, 53%, and 39% of MCB were, respectively, degraded by Fe NPs synthesized using green tea extracts, oolong tea extracts, and black tea extracts. Fe NPs synthesized using green tea extracts (GT-Fe NPs) demonstrated the best degradation since green tea contains a high concentration of caffeine/polyphenols used as both reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of Fe NPs. This was confirmed by SEM image, EDS, and XRD pattern of GT-Fe NPs.

Heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of Direct Black G in dye effluent using functional kaolin-supported nanoscale zero iron.

This study investigated kaolin-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI/K) as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the adsorption and oxidation of an azo dye, Direct Black G (DBG). New findings suggest that kaolin as a support material not only reduced the aggregation of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) but also improved the adsorption of DBG. It consequently improved Fenton oxidation by increasing the local concentration of DBG in the vicinity of nZVI.

Green synthesis of Fe nanoparticles using eucalyptus leaf extracts for treatment of eutrophic wastewater.

Iron nanoparticles were firstly synthesized through a one-step room-temperature biosynthetic route using eucalyptus leaf extracts (EL-Fe NPs). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) confirmed the successful synthesis of the spheroidal iron nanoparticles. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR) indicated that some polyphenols are bound to the surfaces of EL-Fe NPs as a capping/stabilizing agent.

Impact of Fe and Ni/Fe nanoparticles on biodegradation of phenol by the strain Bacillus fusiformis (BFN) at various pH values.

The Bacillus fusiformis (BFN) strain and its biodegradation of phenol when iron-based nanoparticles such as nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and Ni/Fe nanoparticles (Ni/Fe) were present at different pH values (6.0, 8.0, and 3.

Multifunctional kaolinite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron used for the adsorption and degradation of crystal violet in aqueous solution.

Kaolinite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (K-nZVI) was successfully synthesized as a multifunctional composite and used for the degradation of crystal violet (CV). The presence of kaolinite not only decreased the aggregation of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) with maintenance of reactivity, but also facilitated reaction by increasing the local concentration of CV in the vicinity of nZVI as an adsorbent. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and batch experiments, which showed that 97.

Surface electrochemical properties of red mud (bauxite residue): zeta potential and surface charge density.

The surface electrochemical properties of red mud (bauxite residue) from different alumina refineries in Australia and China were studied by electrophoresis and measuring surface charge density obtained from acid/base potentiometric titrations. The electrophoretic properties were measured from zeta potentials obtained in the presence of 0.01 and 0.