Diffusion Models, Image Super-Resolution, and Everything: A Survey.

Diffusion models (DMs) have disrupted the image super-resolution (SR) field and further closed the gap between image quality and human perceptual preferences. They are easy to train and can produce very high-quality samples that exceed the realism of those produced by previous generative methods. Despite their promising results, they also come with new challenges that need further research: high computational demands, comparability, lack of explainability, color shifts, and more.

Hitchhiker's Guide to Super-Resolution: Introduction and Recent Advances.

With the advent of Deep Learning (DL), Super-Resolution (SR) has also become a thriving research area. However, despite promising results, the field still faces challenges that require further research, e.g.

Thyroid Dysfunction in Periand Postmenopausal Women-Cumulative Risks.

Background: Menopausal estrogen depletion increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and of osteoporosis. Both of these risks can be increased by thyroid dysfunction as well. This cumulation of risks will be presented.

Treatment of RET-Positive Advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer with Multi-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors-A Retrospective Multi-Center Registry Analysis.

Background: (rearranged during transfection) variants are the most prevalent oncogenic events in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). In advanced disease, multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MKIs) cabozantinib and vandetanib are the approved standard treatment irrespective of status. The actual outcome of patients with -positive MTC treated with MKIs is ill described.

Medullary thyroid cancer with ectopic Cushing's syndrome: A multicentre case series.

Objective: Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) induced by medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is rare, and data on clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome are limited.

Design: Retrospective cohort study in three German and one Swiss referral centres.

Patients: Eleven patients with MTC and occurrence of ECS and 22 matched MTC patients without ECS were included.

Adversarial text-to-image synthesis: A review.

With the advent of generative adversarial networks, synthesizing images from text descriptions has recently become an active research area. It is a flexible and intuitive way for conditional image generation with significant progress in the last years regarding visual realism, diversity, and semantic alignment. However, the field still faces several challenges that require further research efforts such as enabling the generation of high-resolution images with multiple objects, and developing suitable and reliable evaluation metrics that correlate with human judgement.

Procalcitonin measured by three different assays is an excellent tumor marker for the follow-up of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Objectives: Procalcitonin (PCT) has been suggested as a tumor marker in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Clinical application data in long term follow-up are missing.

Methods: 210 serum samples of 169 consecutive patients with MTC (92 sporadic, 77 hereditary, 158 postoperative follow-up, 11 preoperative) were collected between 2018 and 2020.

Similar Stage-dependent Survival and Outcome in Sporadic and Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Context: Long-term data are scarce on large cohorts with sporadic (sMTC) and hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (hMTC).

Objectives: To compare long-term disease-specific survival (DSS) and outcomes between sMTC and hMTC groups.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Age-Related Association of Calcitonin with Parameters of Anthropometry, Bone and Calcium Metabolism during Childhood.

Introduction: The thyroid parafollicular hormone calcitonin (CT) shows particularly high blood levels in early childhood, a period of high bone turnover, which decrease with increasing age. Data about the physiological role of CT during infancy, childhood, and adolescence are contradictory or lacking.

Objective: We hypothesize that CT demonstrates age-related correlations with parameters of bone growth and turnover as well as with parameters of calcium homeostasis.

Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Cabozantinib and Vandetanib in Advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

Management of patients with advanced medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) remains a therapeutic challenge. The multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) vandetanib and cabozantinib have been approved for the treatment of progressive MTC based on prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in phase 3 clinical trials. To evaluate clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, efficacy, and treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of vandetanib and cabozantinib in MTC patients outside clinical trials at four German tertiary care centers.

Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome of Parathyroid Carcinoma: Results of the NEKAR Retrospective International Multicenter Study.

Objective: In this retrospective cohort study, we describe the clinical presentation and workup of parathyroid carcinoma (PC) and determine its clinical prognostic parameters. Primary outcome was recurrence free survival.

Summary Background Data: PC is an orphan malignancy for which diagnostic workup and treatment is not established.

[Medullary thyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2].

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignancy and compromises only 3 % of all thyroid carcinomas. MTC cells secret calcitonin, which serves as a sensitive tumor marker for screening and follow-up of MTC. Calcitonin screening in patients with nodular goiter allows for early diagnosis of MTC and surgical curative treatment.

Bone Metastases in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: High Morbidity and Poor Prognosis Associated With Osteolytic Morphology.

Context: The clinical relevance of bone metastases (BM) in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is poorly described.

Objective: The objectives of this work are to describe the prevalence of BM, frequency of skeletal related events (SREs), and impact of BM morphology and SREs on prognosis, and to assess the role of antiresorptive treatment (ART).

Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted.

[Neuroendocrine tumors : Classification, clinical presentation and imaging].

Context: Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms found in all organs. They often present with characteristic clinical syndromes due to hormone hypersecretion.

Diagnostics: In addition to hormone diagnostics molecular-genetic work-up can play an important role.

Long-Term Outcomes and Aggressiveness of Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: 40 Years of Experience at One Center.

Context: Recent data on long-term outcomes and aggressiveness of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are lacking for patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).

Objectives: To analyze the long-term outcomes in MEN2 and compare MTC aggressiveness in three defined RET mutation-risk categories: moderate risk (MOD), high risk (H), and highest risk (HST).

Design, Setting: Retrospective study of 263 operated patients with MEN2 from one German tertiary referral center from 1979 to 2017 comparing demographic, biochemical, genetic, and outcome parameters.

CT- and ultrasound-characteristics of hepatic lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. A retrospective image review of 25 cases.

Introduction: Liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome are common (75%) and significantly impairs the prognosis. Characterisation of liver lesions in these patients is challenging, as liver metastases are difficult to differentiate from benign liver lesions such as haemangioma.

Methods: In this study we aimed to characterize the radiological findings of hepatic metastases in MEN patients.

Update on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2: Focus on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome caused by missense gain-of-function mutations in the proto-oncogene on chromosome 10. Specific mutations can predispose toward a particular phenotype and clinical course, with strong genotype-phenotype correlations. MEN2 is highly penetrant in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and it can be associated with bilateral pheochromocytoma and primary hyperparathyroidism.

[Recommendation for Calcitonin Screening in Nodular Goiter].

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) arises from parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland and is characterized by a calcitonin secretion. Basal calcitonin correlates with the tumor mass and is used as highly sensitive and specific tumor marker for MTC. Based on former assays, unspecific calcitonin increase has frequently been seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, kidney insufficiency, proton pump inhibitors etc.

Long-Term Survivorship in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Diagnosed Before and in the New Millennium.

Context: Recent long-term outcomes and survival data are lacking for patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B).

Objectives: To analyze long-term MEN2B outcomes and define prognostic factors.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Retrospective comparative study of 75 patients with MEN2B from two German tertiary referral centers.

[Multiple endocrine neoplasia].

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2 are hereditary cancer syndromes. They are characterized by the occurrence of many benign and malignant tumor types, in MEN1 parathyroid tumors, pituitary tumors, and pancreas tumors, in MEN2 medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid tumors. The autosomal dominant inherited tumor syndromes are caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene, and mutations in the RET gene, an activated oncogene, in MEN2.

United States and European Multicenter Prospective Study for the Analytical Performance and Clinical Validation of a Novel Sensitive Fully Automated Immunoassay for Calcitonin.

Background: The objective of this study is the validation and proof of clinical relevance of a novel electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for the determination of serum calcitonin (CT) in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and in different diseases of the thyroid and of calcium homeostasis.

Methods: This was a multicenter prospective study on basal serum CT concentrations performed in 9 US and European referral institutions. In addition, stimulated CT concentrations were measured in 50 healthy volunteers after intravenous calcium administration (2.